Empusa or Empousa (/ɛmˈpjuːsə/;[1] Ancient Greek: Ἔμπουσα; plural: Ἔμπουσαι Empousai) is a shape-shifting female being in Greek mythology, said to possess a single leg of copper, commanded by Hecate, whose precise nature is obscure.[2] In Late Antiquity, the empousae have been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the lamiai and mormolykeia, thought to seduce and feed on young men.
In antiquity
editThe primary sources for the empousa in Antiquity are Aristophanes's plays (The Frogs and Ecclesiazusae) and Philostratus's Life of Apollonius of Tyana.[3]
Aristophanes
editThe Empusa was defined in the Sudas and by Crates of Mallus as a "demonic phantom"[a][4] with shape-shifting abilities.[4][5] Thus in Aristophanes's plays she is said to change appearance from various beasts to a woman.[6]
The Empusa is also said to be one-legged,[5] having one brass leg,[b] or a donkey's leg, thus being known by the epithets Onokole (Ὀνοκώλη)[5] and Onoskelis (Ὀνοσκελίς) which both mean "donkey-footed".[7] A folk etymology construes the name to mean "one-footed" (from Greek *έμπούς, *empous: en-, one + pous, foot).[5][4]
In Aristophanes's comedy The Frogs, an Empusa appears before Dionysus and his slave Xanthias on their way to the underworld, although this may be the slave's practical joke to frighten his master. Xanthias thus sees (or pretends to see) the empousa transform into a bull, a mule, a beautiful woman, and a dog. The slave also reassures that the being indeed had one brass (copper) leg, and another leg of cow dung[c] besides.[6][8]
The Empusa was a being sent by Hecate (as one scholiast noted),[5] or was Hecate herself, according to a fragment of Aristophanes's lost play Tagenistae ("Men of the Frying-pan"), as preserved in the Venetus.[d][5]
Life of Apollonius
editBy the Late Antiquity in Greece, this became a category of beings, designated as empusai (Lat. empusae) in the plural. It came to be believed that the spectre preyed on young men for seduction and for food.[3]
According to the 1st-century Life of Apollonius of Tyana, the empousa is a phantom (phasma) that took on the appearance of an attractive woman and seduced a young philosophy student in order eventually to devour him.[9] In a different passage of the same work, when Apollonius was journeying from Persia to India, he encountered an empousa, hurling insults at it, coaxing his fellow travellers to join him, whereby it ran and hid, uttering high-pitched screams.[10]
An empousa was also known to others as lamia or mormolyke.[9] This empousa confessed it was fattening up the student she targeted to feed on him, and that she especially craved young men for the freshness and purity of their blood,[9] prompting an interpretation as blood-sucking vampire by Smith′s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1849).[3][13]
Modern Greek folklore
editIn modern times, folklore has been collected about a being fitting the description of an empousa: an extremely slender woman with multiple feet, "one of bronze, one a donkey's foot, one an ox's, one a goat's, and one human", but she was referred to as a woman with the lamia-like body and gait. The example was from Arachova (Parnassus) and published by Bernhard Schmidt (1871).[14][15] Schmidt only speculated that oral lore of empousa might survive somewhere locally.[16] A field study (Charles Stewart, 1985) finds that empousa is a term that is rarely used in oral tradition, compared to other terms such as gello which has a similar meaning.[17]
Modern interpretations
editAccording to Robert Graves, Empusa was a demigoddess, the beautiful daughter of the goddess Hecate and the spirit Mormo. She feasted on blood by seducing young men as they slept (see sleep paralysis), before drinking their blood and eating their flesh. When she spotted a man sleeping on the road, she attacked him, little knowing he was Zeus, king of the gods. Zeus woke and visited his wrath on her and Empusa was killed.[18]
In fiction
editEmpusa is referenced in Rudyard Kipling's narrative poem "Tomlinson".
Empusa is a character in Faust, Part Two by Goethe. She appears during the Classical Walpurgis Night as Mephisto is being lured by the Lamiae. She refers to herself as cousin to Mephisto because she has a donkey's foot and he has a horse's.
Empusa is the name of the ship used by Count Orlok to travel to Wisborg in F. W. Murnau's film Nosferatu (1922).
Empusa is a main antagonist turned heroine in the novel Grecian Rune by James Matthew Byers. They may look like humans at first.
In Primal, Empusa is among the Wraith-Aristocrates, a fast travelling race of demons, and the wife of the main-antagonist in the third world.
In Wicked Wings by Keri Arthur, the villains are three empusae who are eating the flesh of their prey. They use the form of a young woman to lure the men to their deaths.
Popular entertainment
editIn the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, the Empousai first appear in The Battle of the Labyrinth as servants of Hecate who had, by that time, joined the Titan Army.[e]
Empusa (along with Lamia and Mormo) is one of the three witches in the film Stardust (dir. Matthew Vaughn). She is played by Sarah Alexander.[19] In Neil Gaiman's novel Stardust the witches are not given individual names.
Empusa makes a minor appearance in Fate/Grand Order combined with Huyan Zhuo from Water Margin, resulting in a Chinese warrior woman with one or both of her human legs replaced with greenish donkey legs.
Music
editThe song "Empusa, Queen of the Damned" by the English deathcore band Infant Annihilator is inspired by the themes of the Greek myth.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ phāntasma daimoniōdes Greek: φάντασμα δαιμονιῶδες.
- ^ or of copper or bronze; Greek: χάλκεος).
- ^ Or donkey dung; βόλιτος.[4]
- ^ The Empusa/Hecate is said by Aristophanes to appear with coiled snakes in that summoned form.
- ^ They are similar in appearance to vampires, but have one shaggy donkey leg and one made of bronze. The first empousa, who claimed to be freed from Pandora's pithos when it had been opened, appeared in the next book, The Last Olympian. They reappear in The House of Hades (the penultimate book of The Heroes of Olympus, a spin-off series of Percy Jackson & the Olympians) as servants of the primordial goddess Gaea. One of them, Kelli, happens to be the same one Annabeth Chase killed in The Battle of the Labyrinth. Another one, Serephone, is made reluctant to serve Gaea when she learns that Hecate has rejoined Olympus, and distrustful of Kelli, who is now working against their mistress. They are defeated by one of their old employers, the Titan Iapetus.
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Smith, Benjamin E., ed. (1895). Century Cyclopedia of Names. Vol. i. New York: Century. p. 361.
- ^ An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Liddell and Scott
- ^ a b c Schmitz, Leonhard (1849), Smith, William (ed.), "Lamia", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, vol. 2, London: John Murray, pp. 713–714 Perseus Project "La'mia (2)".
- ^ a b c d "Ἔμπουσα (Empousa)", Suda On Line", tr. Do Lee. 8 September 2003. Suidas (1834). Gaisford, Thomas (ed.). Lexicon: post Ludolphum Kusterum ad codices manuscriptos. A - Theta. Vol. 1. Typographeo Academico. p. 1227.
- ^ a b c d e f Scholion to Aristophanes, Frogs 393: Rutherford, Willam G., ed. (1896), Scholia Aristophanica, vol. 1, London: Macmillan, pp. 312–313
- ^ a b Aristophanes, The Frogs, 288 ff. Rogers, Benjamin Bickley, ed. (1896), Aristophanous Kōmōidiai: The frogs. The Ecclesiazusae, vol. 1, London: Macmillan, p. 44
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Empūsa
- ^ "EMPUSA & LAMIAE: Vampires, demons, monsters; Greek legend: EMPOUSA & LAMIAI". Retrieved 12 May 2016., quoting Sudas, Arostphanes's Frogs, and Smith's DGRBM, Suidas.
- ^ a b c Apoll. Vit. IV. 25: Phillimore (tr.) & Philostratus (1912), 2, pp. 24–26
- ^ Apoll. Vit. II. IV: Phillimore (tr.) & Philostratus (1912), 1, pp. 53
- ^ Mozley, John Rickards (1877), "Apollonius of Tyana", DGRBM 1, p. 136.
- ^ Jowett, Benjamin (1880), "Apollonius Tyanaeus", DGRBM 1, p. 243. Perseus Project "Apollonius Tyanaeus"
- ^ The "Apollonius of Tyana" article from the DGRBM′s 1877 edition also wrote that it was a "vampire",[11] but in the 1880 edition the article renamed "Apollonius Tyanaeus" has "purposely omitted wonders".[12]
- ^ Schmidt, Bernhard (1871). Das volksleben der Neugriechen und das hellenische alterthum. Vol. 1. B.G. Teubner. p. 133.
έχει κορμί τής Λάμνιας ή πώς περβατεί σαν τη Λάμνια.. mehr als zwei und zwar verschiedenartig gebildete Füsse hat, der eine ist von Erz, der andere ist ein Eselsfuss, wieder ein anderer ein Ochsenfuss, ein Ziegenfuss, ein Menschenfuss u. s. w.
- ^ West, M.L. (1979). "TRAGICA III". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London. 26: 116.
- ^ Schmidt (1871), p. 141.
- ^ Stewart, Charles (1985). The Exotica: Greek Values and their Supernatural Antitheses. Vol. 41. p. 62. ISBN 9789122008873.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Graves, Robert (1990) [1955]. "The Empusae". The Greek Myths. London: Penguin. pp. 189–90. ISBN 978-0-14-001026-8.
- ^ "Stardust (2007)". Retrieved 13 February 2018 – via www.imdb.com.