Wikipedia

Eight-thousander

The eight-thousanders are the 14 mountains recognized by the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) as being more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) in height above sea level, and sufficiently independent of neighbouring peaks. There is no precise definition of the criteria used to assess independence, and at times, the UIAA has considered whether the list should be expanded to 20 mountain peaks by including the major satellite peaks of eight-thousanders. All of the eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia, and their summits lie in the altitude range known as the death zone.

Locations of the world's 14 eight-thousanders, which are split between the Himalayan (right), and the Karakoram mountain ranges (left)

From 1950 to 1964, all 14 eight-thousanders were summited by expedition climbers in the summer (the first to be summited was Annapurna I in 1950, and the last was Shishapangma in 1964), and from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter (the first to be summited in winter being Mount Everest in 1980, and the last being K2 in 2021). On a variety of statistical techniques, the deadliest eight-thousander is Annapurna I (one death – climber or climber support – for every three summiters), followed by K2 and Nanga Parbat (one death for every four to five summiters), and then Dhaulagiri and Kangchenjunga (one for every six to seven summiters).

The first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders was the Italian climber Reinhold Messner in 1986, who did not use any supplementary oxygen. In 2010, Edurne Pasaban, a Basque Spanish mountaineer became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, but with the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2011, Austrian Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In 2013, South Korean Kim Chang-ho climbed all 14 eight-thousanders in 7 years and 310 days, without the aid of supplementary oxygen. In July 2023, Kristin Harila and Tenjen Lama Sherpa set a speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, with supplementary oxygen. In July 2022, Sanu Sherpa became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice, which he did from 2006 to 2022.

Issues with false summits (e.g. Cho Oyu, Annapurna I and Dhaulagiri), or separated dual summits (e.g. Shishapangma and Manaslu), have led to disputed claims of ascents.[1] In 2022, after several years of research, a team of experts reported that they could only confirm evidence that three climbers, Ed Viesturs, Veikka Gustafsson and Nirmal Purja, had stood on the true geographic summit of all 14 eight-thousanders.[2]

Climbing history

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First ascents

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Flight over the Khumbu region; six eight-thousanders are visible

The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery, Geoffrey Hastings and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Pakistan's Nanga Parbat in 1895. The attempt failed when Mummery and two Gurkhas, Ragobir Thapa and Goman Singh, were killed by an avalanche.[3]

The first successful ascent of an eight-thousander was by the French climbers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, who reached the summit of Annapurna on 3 June 1950 using expedition climbing techniques as part of the 1950 French Annapurna expedition.[4] Due to its location in Tibet, Shishapangma was the last eight-thousander to be ascended, which was completed by a Chinese team led by Xu Jing in 1964 (Tibet's mountains were closed by China to foreigners until 1978).[5]

The first winter ascent of an eight-thousander was by a Polish team led by Andrzej Zawada on Mount Everest, with Leszek Cichy and Krzysztof Wielicki reaching the summit on 17 February 1980;[6] all-Polish teams would complete nine of the first fourteen winter ascents of eight-thousanders.[7] The final eight-thousander to be climbed in winter was K2, whose summit was ascended by a 10-person Nepalese team on 16 January 2021.[8]

Only two climbers have completed more than one first ascent of an eight-thousander, Hermann Buhl (Nanga Parbat and Broad Peak) and Kurt Diemberger (Broad Peak and Dhaulagiri). Buhl's summit of Nanga Parbat in 1953 is notable as being the only solo first ascent of one of the eight-thousanders. The Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka is noted for creating over ten new routes on various eight-thousander mountains.[7] Italian climber Simone Moro made the first winter ascent of four eight-thousanders (Shishapangma, Makalu, Gasherbrum II, and Nanga Parbat),[9] while three Polish climbers have each made three first winter ascents of an eight-thousander, Maciej Berbeka (Cho Oyu, Manaslu, and Broad Peak), Krzysztof Wielicki (Everest, Kangchenjunga, and Lhotse) and Jerzy Kukuczka (Dhaulagiri I, Kangchenjunga, and Annapurna I).[7]

All 14

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Comparison of the heights of the Eight-thousanders (red triangles) with the Seven Summits and Seven Second Summits
 
The 30–highest peaks in the world with over 500 m (1,640 ft) in prominence[10]

On 16 October 1986, Italian Reinhold Messner became the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders. In 1987, Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka became the second person to accomplish this feat.[7] Messner summited each of the 14 peaks without the aid of bottled oxygen, a feat that was only repeated by the Swiss Erhard Loretan nine years later in 1995 (Kukuczka had used supplementary oxygen while summiting Everest and on no other eight-thousander[7]).[11]

On 17 May 2010, Spanish climber Edurne Pasaban became the first woman to summit all 14 eight-thousanders.[12] In August 2011, Austrian climber Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to climb the 14 eight-thousanders without the use of supplementary oxygen.[13][14]

The first couple and team to summit all 14 eight-thousanders were the Italians Nives Meroi (who was the second woman to accomplish this feat without supplementary oxygen), and her husband Romano Benet [it] on 11 May 2017.[15][16] The couple climbed alpine style, without the use of supplementary oxygen or other support.[16][17]

On 23 May 2023, Nepali guide Kami Rita summitted Everest for the 28th time (a record for Everest), becoming the first-ever person to climb an eight-thousander 38 times.[18] In July 2022, Sanu Sherpa became the first person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders twice.[19] He started with Cho Oyu in 2006, and completed the double by summiting Gasherbrum II in July 2022.[20]

On 20 May 2013, South Korean climber Kim Chang-ho set a new speed record of climbing all 14 eight-thousanders, without the use of supplementary oxygen, in 7 years and 310 days. On 29 October 2019, the British-Nepali climber Nirmal Purja set a speed record of 6 months and 6 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with the use of supplementary oxygen.[21][22][23] On 27 July 2023, Kristin Harila and Tenjen Lama Sherpa set a new speed record of 92 days for climbing all 14 eight-thousanders with supplementary oxygen.[24][25]

Deadliest

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See also: List of deaths on eight-thousanders
Estimated sample death rates for the 14 eight-thousanders[26][27]
Eight
thousander 		From 1950 to March 2012[27] Climber
death rate
[28][29][a]
Total
ascents[b] 		Total
deaths[c] 		Deaths as
% of ascents[d]
Everest 5656 223 3.9% 1.52%
K2 283 40 14.1% 3.00%
Lhotse 461 13 2.8% 1.03%
Makalu 361 31 8.6% 1.63%
Cho Oyu 3138 44 1.4% 0.64%
Dhaulagiri I 448 69 15.4% 2.94%
Manaslu 661 65 9.8% 2.77%
Nanga Parbat 335 68 20.3% –[e]
Annapurna I 191 61 31.9% 4.05%
Gasherbrum I
(Hidden Peak) 		334 29 8.7% –[e]
Broad Peak 404 21 5.2% –[e]
Gasherbrum II 930 21 2.3% –[e]
Kangchenjunga 243 40 16% 3.00%
Shishapangma 302 25 8.3%

The eight-thousanders are the world's deadliest mountains. The extreme altitude and the fact that the summits of all eight-thousanders lie in the Death Zone mean that climber mortality (or death rate) is high.[31] Two metrics are quoted to establish a death rate (i.e. broad and narrow) that are used to rank the eight-thousanders in order of deadliest.[30][32]

  • Broad death rate: The first metric is the ratio of total deaths[c] on the mountain to successful climbers summiting over a given period.[30] The Guinness Book of World Records uses this metric to name Annapurna I as the deadliest eight-thousander, and the world's deadliest mountain with roughly one person dying for every three people who successfully summit, i.e. a ratio of circa 30%.[33] Using consistent data from 1950 to 2012, mountaineering statistician Eberhard Jurgalski (see table) used this metric to show Annapurna is the deadliest mountain (31.9%), followed by K2 (26.5%), Nanga Parbat (20.3%), Dhaulagiri (15.4%) and Kangchenjunga (14.1%).[30] Other statistical sources including MountainIQ, used a mix of data periods from 1900 to Spring 2021 but had similar results showing Annapurna still being the deadliest mountain (27.2%), followed by K2 (22.8%), Nanga Parbat (20.75%), Kangchenjunga (15%), and Dhaulagiri (13.5%).[32][31] Cho Oyu was the safest at 1.4%.[30][32]
  • Narrow death rate: The drawback of the first metric is that it includes the deaths of any support climbers or climbing sherpas that went above base camp in assisting the climb; therefore, rather than being the probability that a climber will die attempting to summit an eight-thousander, it is more akin to the total human cost in getting a climber to the summit.[28] In the Himalayan Database (HDB) tables, the climber (or member) "Death Rate" is the ratio of deaths above base camp, of all climbers who were hoping to summit and who went above base camp (calculated for 1950 to 2009), and is closer to a true probability of death (see table below).[28] The data is only for the Nepalese Himalaya and therefore does not include K2 or Nanga Parbat.[28] HDB estimates the probability of death for a climber attempting the summit of an eight-thousander is still highest for Annapurna I (4%), followed by Kangchenjunga (3%) and Dhaulagiri (3%); the safest is still Cho Oyu at 0.6%.[28]

The tables from the HDB for eight-thousanders also show that the death rate of climbers for the period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period, i.e. climbing is becoming safer for the climbers attempting the summit.[28]

List of first ascents

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From 1950 to 1964, all 14 of the eight-thousanders were summited in the summer (the first was Annapurna I in 1950, and the last was Shishapangma in 1964), and from 1980 to 2021, all 14 were summited in the winter (the first being Everest in 1980, and the last being K2 in 2021).

First ascent and first winter ascent for each of the 14 eight-thousanders[26][27]
Mountain[26] First ascent[26] First winter ascent[26]
Name Height[34] Prom.[34] Country Date Summiter(s) Date Summiter(s)
Everest 8,849 m
(29,032 ft)[35] 		8,849 m
(29,032 ft) 		  Nepal
  China 		29 May 1953   Edmund Hillary

    Tenzing Norgay
on British expedition

17 February 1980
   Krzysztof Wielicki
  Leszek Cichy
K2 8,611 m
(28,251 ft) 		4,020 m
(13,190 ft) 		  Pakistan
  China[36] 		31 July 1954   Achille Compagnoni
  Lino Lacedelli

on Italian expedition

16 January 2021[8]    Nirmal Purja[40]

  Gelje Sherpa
  Mingma David Sherpa
  Mingma Gyalje Sherpa
  Sona Sherpa
  Mingma Tenzi Sherpa
  Pem Chhiri Sherpa
  Dawa Temba Sherpa
  Kili Pemba Sherpa
  Dawa Tenjing Sherpa

Kangchenjunga 8,586 m
(28,169 ft) 		3,922 m
(12,867 ft) 		  Nepal
  India[41] 		25 May 1955   George Band
  Joe Brown
on British expedition 		11 January 1986   Krzysztof Wielicki
  Jerzy Kukuczka
Lhotse 8,516 m
(27,940 ft) 		610 m
(2,000 ft) 		  Nepal
  China 		18 May 1956   Fritz Luchsinger
  Ernst Reiss 		31 December 1988   Krzysztof Wielicki
Makalu 8,485 m
(27,838 ft) 		2,378 m
(7,802 ft) 		  Nepal
  China 		15 May 1955   Jean Couzy
  Lionel Terray
on French expedition 		9 February 2009   Simone Moro
  Denis Urubko
Cho Oyu 8,188 m
(26,864 ft) 		2,344 m
(7,690 ft) 		  Nepal
  China 		19 October 1954   Joseph Joechler [de]
  Pasang Dawa Lama
  Herbert Tichy 		12 February 1985   Maciej Berbeka
  Maciej Pawlikowski
Dhaulagiri I 8,167 m
(26,795 ft) 		3,357 m
(11,014 ft) 		  Nepal 13 May 1960   Kurt Diemberger
  Peter Diener [de]
  Nawang Dorje
  Nima Dorje
  Ernst Forrer
  Albin Schelbert 		21 January 1985   Andrzej Czok
  Jerzy Kukuczka
Manaslu 8,163 m
(26,781 ft) 		3,092 m
(10,144 ft) 		  Nepal 9 May 1956   Toshio Imanishi
  Gyalzen Norbu [de] 		12 January 1984   Maciej Berbeka
  Ryszard Gajewski
Nanga Parbat 8,125 m
(26,657 ft) 		4,608 m
(15,118 ft) 		  Pakistan 3 July 1953   Hermann Buhl
on German–Austrian expedition 		26 February 2016   Muhammad Ali Sadpara
  Simone Moro
  Alex Txikon [es]
Annapurna I 8,091 m
(26,545 ft) 		2,984 m
(9,790 ft) 		  Nepal 3 June 1950   Maurice Herzog
  Louis Lachenal

on French expedition

3 February 1987   Jerzy Kukuczka
  Artur Hajzer
Gasherbrum I
(Hidden Peak) 		8,080 m
(26,510 ft) 		2,155 m
(7,070 ft) 		  Pakistan
  China 		5 July 1958   Andrew Kauffman
  Pete Schoening 		9 March 2012   Adam Bielecki
  Janusz Gołąb [pl]
Broad Peak 8,051 m
(26,414 ft) 		1,701 m
(5,581 ft) 		  Pakistan
  China 		9 June 1957   Fritz Wintersteller
  Marcus Schmuck
  Kurt Diemberger
  Hermann Buhl
 5 March 2013   Maciej Berbeka
  Adam Bielecki
  Tomasz Kowalski [pl]
  Artur Małek [pl]
Gasherbrum II 8,034 m
(26,358 ft) 		1,524 m
(5,000 ft) 		  Pakistan
  China 		7 July 1956   Fritz Moravec
  Josef Larch [de]
  Hans Willenpart [de] 		2 February 2011   Simone Moro
  Denis Urubko
  Cory Richards
Shishapangma 8,027 m
(26,335 ft) 		2,897 m
(9,505 ft) 		  China 2 May 1964   Xu Jing
  Chang Chun-yen
  Wang Fuzhou
  Chen San
  Cheng Tien-liang
  Wu Tsung-yue
  Sodnam Doji
  Migmar Trashi
  Doji
  Yonten 		14 January 2005   Piotr Morawski
  Simone Moro

List of climbers of all 14

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First to climb all 14 eight-thousanders
 
Reinhold Messner, first to climb all 14, and without oxygen
 
Edurne Pasaban, the first woman to climb all 14 after Oh Eun-sun's claim was disputed
 
Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner, the first woman to climb all 14 without oxygen

There is no single undisputed source or arbitrator for verified ascents of Himalayan eight-thousander peaks.

Various mountaineering journals, including the Alpine Journal and the American Alpine Journal, also maintain extensive records and archives on expeditions to the eight-thousanders, but do not always opine on disputed ascents, and nor do they maintain registers or lists of verified ascents of the eight-thousanders.[1][42]

Elizabeth Hawley's The Himalayan Database,[43] is considered as an important source for verified ascents for the Nepalese Himalayas.[44][45] Online databases of Himalayan ascents pay close regard to The Himalayan Database, including the website AdventureStats.com,[46] and the Eberhard Jurgalski List.[1][42][47]

Verified ascents

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  First person to summit all 14 eight-thousanders, and first to do so without supplementary oxygen
  First female to summit all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen
  First female to summit all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen
  Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; with supplementary oxygen
  Fastest ascent of all 14 eight-thousanders; no supplementary oxygen
  Youngest person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders
  First disabled person to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders

The "No O2" column lists people who have climbed all 14 eight-thousanders without supplementary oxygen.

List of climbers who have summited all 14 eight-thousanders[48]
Order Order
(No O2) 		Name Period climbing
eight-thousanders 		Born Age Nationality
1 1 Reinhold Messner 1970–1986 1944 42   Italian
2 Jerzy Kukuczka 1979–1987 1948 39   Polish
3 2 Erhard Loretan 1982–1995 1959 36   Swiss
4 [49] Carlos Carsolio 1985–1996 1962 33   Mexican
5 Krzysztof Wielicki 1980–1996 1950 46   Polish
6 3 Juanito Oiarzabal 1985–1999 1956 43   Spanish
7 Sergio Martini 1983–2000 1949 51   Italian
8 Park Young-seok 1993–2001 1963 38   Korean
9 Um Hong-gil 1988–2001 1960[50] 40   Korean
10 4 Alberto Iñurrategi 1991–2002[51] 1968 33   Spanish
11 Han Wang-yong 1994–2003 1966 37   Korean
12 5[52] Ed Viesturs 1989–2005 1959 46   American
13 6[53][54][55] Silvio Mondinelli 1993–2007 1958 49   Italian
14 7[56] Iván Vallejo 1997–2008 1959 49   Ecuadorian
15 8[57] Denis Urubko 2000–2009 1973 35   Kazakhstani
16 Ralf Dujmovits 1990–2009 1961[58] 47   German
17[59] 9[60] Veikka Gustafsson 1993–2009 1968 41   Finnish
18[61] Andrew Lock 1993–2009 1961[62] 48   Australian
19 10 João Garcia 1993–2010 1967 43   Portuguese
20[63] Piotr Pustelnik 1990–2010 1951 58   Polish
21[64] Edurne Pasaban 2001–2010 1973 36   Spanish
22[65] Abele Blanc 1992–2011[66][67] 1954 56   Italian
23 Mingma Sherpa 2000–2011[66] 1978 33   Nepali
24 11 Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner 1998–2011[66] 1970 40   Austrian
25 Vassily Pivtsov [de] 2001–2011[66] 1975 36   Kazakhstani
26 12 Maxut Zhumayev 2001–2011[66] 1977 34   Kazakhstani
27 Kim Jae-soo [de] 2000–2011[66] 1961 50   Korean
28[68] 13 Mario Panzeri 1988–2012 1964 48   Italian
29[69] Hirotaka Takeuchi 1995–2012[69] 1971 41   Japanese
30 Chhang Dawa Sherpa 2001–2013[66] 1982 30   Nepali
31 14 Kim Chang-ho 2005–2013[66] 1970 43   Korean
32 Jorge Egocheaga [eu] 2002–2014[70] 1968 45   Spanish
33 15 Radek Jaroš 1998–2014[66] 1964 50   Czech
34/35[71] 16/17[71] Nives Meroi 1998–2017[72][73] 1961 55   Italian
34/35[71] 16/17[71] Romano Benet [it] 1998–2017[72][73][74] 1962 55   Italian /   Slovenian
36 Peter Hámor [sk] 1998–2017[75][76][77] 1964 52   Slovak
37 18 Azim Gheychisaz 2008–2017[78] 1981 37   Iranian
38 Ferran Latorre 1999–2017[79] 1970 46   Spanish
39 19 Òscar Cadiach 1984–2017[80] 1952 64   Spanish
40 Kim Mi-gon 2000–2018[81][82] 1973 45   Korean
41 Sanu Sherpa 2006–2019[83] 1975 44   Nepali
42 Nirmal Purja 2014–2019[23][84][f] 1983 36  British[37][38][39]
43 Mingma Gyabu Sherpa 2010–2019[85][86] 1989 30   Nepali
44 Kim Hong-bin 2006–2021[87][88][89] 1964 57   Korean
45 Nima Gyalzen Sherpa 2004–2022[90][91] 1985 37   Nepali
46 Dong Hong Juan 2015–2023[92][93] 1981 42   Chinese
47 Kristin Harila 2021–2023[94][95] 1986 37   Norwegian
48 Sophie Lavaud [fr] 2012–2023[96][97][98][99] 1968 55   Swiss /   French /   Canadian
49 Tunç Fındık 2001–2023[98][99] 1972 51   Turkish
50 Tenjen Lama Sherpa 2016–2023[24][25][100] 35[101]   Nepali
51 Gelje Sherpa 2017–2023[102][103][104] 1992[102] 30   Nepali
52 Chris Warner 1999–2023[105] 1965 58   American
53 20 Marco Camandona 2000–2024[106][107] 1970 54   Italian
54 Sirbaz Khan 2017–2024[108][109][110][111] 1987 37   Pakistani
55 Tracee Metcalfe 2016–4 October 2024[112][111] 50[112]   American
56 Naoki Ishikawa [111]   Japanese
57 Dawa Gyalje Sherpa [111]   Nepali
58 21 Mingma Gyalje Sherpa [111]   Nepali
59 Adrian Laza 2016–9 October 2024[113][114] 1963 60   Romanian
60 Nima Rinji Sherpa 2022-2024[115][116] 2006[117] 18   Nepali
61 22 Mario Vielmo [it] 1998-2024[118] 1964 60   Italian
62 Dorota Rasińska-Samoćko [pl] 2021-2024[119][120][113]   Polish
63 Adriana Brownlee 2021-2024[113] 2001 23   British
64 Alasdair McKenzie 2022-2024[113] 2004 20   French /   British
65 Alina Pekova 2023–2024[121][113]   Russian
66 Shehroze Kashif 2019-2024[122][123][124] 2002 22   Pakistani
67 Mingtemba Sherpa 2013-2024[125][126]   Nepali
68 Pasang Nurbu Sherpa 2016-2024[127][128][129]   Nepali

Disputed ascents

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Claims have been made for summiting all 14 peaks for which not enough evidence was provided to verify the ascent; the disputed ascent in each claim is shown in parentheses in the table below. In most cases, the Himalayan chronicler Elizabeth Hawley is considered a definitive source regarding the facts of the dispute. Her The Himalayan Database is the source for other online Himalayan ascent databases (e.g. AdventureStats.com).[44][45] The Eberhard Jurgalski List is also another important source for independent verification of claims to have summited all 14 eight-thousanders.[1][42]

Name and details Period climbing
eight-thousanders 		Born Age Nationality
Fausto De Stefani [it] (Lhotse 1997)[130]
His partner Sergio Martini reclimbed Lhotse in 2000 to verify his 14, see above. 		1983–1998 1952 46   Italian
Alan Hinkes (Cho Oyu 1990)[131][132]
Hinkes rejected Hawley's decision to "unrecognise" his ascent, see "Cho Oyu dispute". 		1987–2005 1954 53   British
Vladislav Terzyul (Shishapangma (West) 2000, Broad Peak 1995[133][134])[135][136]
As he did not claim the main summit of Shishapangma, this status is unlikely to change. 		1993–2004
(deceased) 		1953 49   Ukrainian
Oh Eun-sun (Kangchenjunga 2009)[137][138][139]
As the potential first female climber of all 14, this dispute was followed internationally.[138] 		1997–2010 1966 44   Korean
Carlos Pauner [es] (Shishapangma 2012)[140]
Pauner acknowledged his uncertainty as it was dark; said he might reclimb.[141] 		2001–2013 1963 50   Spanish
Zhang Liang (Shishapangma 2018)[142][143][144]
Suspected the 2018 Chinese Shishapangma expedition stopped at central summit. 		2000–2018 1964 54   Chinese

Verification issues

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A recurrent problem with verification is the confirmation that the climber reached the true peak of the eight-thousander. Eight-thousanders present unique problems in this regard as they are so infrequently summited, their summits have not yet been exhaustively surveyed, and summiting climbers are often suffering the extreme altitude and weather effects of being in the death zone.[1][42]

Cho Oyu for example, is a recurrent problem eight-thousander as its true peak is a small hump about a thirty minutes walk into the large flat summit plateau that lies in the death zone. The true peak is often obscured in very poor weather, and this led to the disputed ascent (per the table above) of British climber, Alan Hinkes (who has refused to re-climb the peak).[145][146] Shishapangma is another problem peak because of its dual summits, which despite being close in height, are up to two hours climbing time apart and require the crossing of an exposed and dangerous snow ridge.[1][147] When Hawley judged that Ed Viesturs had not reached the true summit of Shishapangma (which she deduced from his summit photos and interviews), he then re-climbed the mountain to definitively establish his ascent.[148][1]

In a May 2021 interview with the New York Times, Jurgalski pointed out further issues with false summits on Annapurna I (a long ridge with multiple summits), Dhaulagiri (misleading false summit metal pole), and Manaslu (additional sharp and dangerous ridge to the true summit, like Shishapangma), noting that of the existing 44 accepted claims (as per the table earlier), at least 7 had serious question marks (these were in addition to the table of disputed ascents), and even noting that "It is possible that no one has ever been on the true summit of all 14 of the 8,000-meter peaks".[1] In June 2021, Australian climber Damien Gildea wrote an article in the American Alpine Journal on the work that Jurgalski and a team of international experts were doing in this area, including publishing detailed surveys of the problem summits using data from the German Aerospace Center.[42]

In July 2022, Jurgalski posted conclusions of the team's research (the wider team being of Rodolphe Popier and Tobias Pantel of The Himalayan Database, and Damien Gildea, Federico Bernardi, Bob Schelfhout Aubertijn, and Thaneswar Guragai).[2][149] According to their analysis, only three climbers, Ed Viesturs, Veikka Gustafsson and Nirmal Purja have stood on the true summit of all 14 eight-thousanders, and no female climber had yet done so.[2] Viesturs is also the first to have done so without the use of oxygen.[2] Jurgalski allowed for the fact that they had deliberately not stood on the true summit of Kangchenjunga out of religious respect.[2] The team has not formally published their work, and according to Popier, they had not decided about "the best respectful form to present it".[2]

Proposed expansion

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In 2012, to relieve capacity pressure and overcrowding on the world's highest mountain, greater restrictions were placed on expeditions to the summit of Mount Everest.[150] To address the growing capacity constraints, Nepal lobbied the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (or UIAA) to reclassify five subsidiary summits (two on Lhotse and three on Kanchenjunga), as standalone eight-thousanders, while Pakistan lobbied for a sixth subsidiary summit (on Broad Peak) as a standalone eight-thousander.[151] See table below for list of all subsidiary summits of eight-thousanders.

In 2012, the UIAA initiated the ARUGA Project, with an aim to see if these six new 8,000 m (26,247 ft)-plus peaks could feasibly achieve international recognition.[151] The proposed six new eight-thousander peaks have a topographic prominence above 60 m (197 ft), but none would meet the wider UIAA prominence threshold of 600 m (1,969 ft) (the lowest prominence of the existing 14 eight-thousanders is Lhotse, at 610 metres (2,001 ft)).[152][153] Critics noted that of the six proposed, only Broad Peak Central, with a prominence of 181 metres (594 ft), would even meet the 150 metres (492 ft) prominence threshold to be a British Isles Marilyn.[152] The appeal noted the UIAA's 1994 reclassification of Alpine four-thousander peaks used a prominence threshold of 30 m (98 ft),[g] amongst other criteria; the logic being that if 30 m (98 ft) worked for 4,000 m (13,123 ft) summits, then 60 m (197 ft) is proportional for 8,000 m (26,247 ft) summits.[154]

As of April 2024, there has been no conclusion by the UIAA and the proposals appear to have been set aside.

  Proposed to the UIAA in 2012 for reclassification as standalone eight-thousanders.[151]
List of the subsidiary peaks of the 14 eight-thousanders[155]
Proposed new eight-thousander Height
(m) 		Prominence
(m) 		Dominance
(Prom / Height)
as a %[156] 		Dominance
classification[156]
Broad Peak Central 8011 181 2.26 B2
Kangchenjunga W-Peak (Yalung Kang) 8505 135 1.59 C1
Kangchenjunga S-Peak 8476 116 1.37 C2
Kangchenjunga C-Peak 8473 63 0.74 C2
Lhotse C-Peak I (Lhotse Middle) 8410 65 0.77 C2
Lhotse Shar 8382 72 0.86 C2
K 2 SW-Peak 8580 30 0.35 D1
Lhotse C-Peak II 8372 37 0.44 D1
Everest W-Peak 8296 30 0.36 D1
Yalung Kang Shoulder 8200 40 0.49 D1
Kangchenjunga SE-Peak 8150 30 0.37 D1
K 2 P. 8134 (SW-Ridge) 8134 35 0.43 D1
Annapurna C-Peak 8051 49 0.61 D1
Nanga Parbat S-Peak 8042 30 0.37 D1
Annapurna E-Peak 8026 65 0.81 C2
Shisha Pangma C-Peak 8008 30 0.37 D1
Everest NE-Shoulder 8423 19 0.23 D2
Everest NE-Pinnacle III 8383 13 0.16 D2
Lhotse N-Pinnacle III 8327 10 0.12 D2
Lhotse N-Pinnacle II 8307 12 0.14 D2
Lhotse N-Pinnacle I 8290 10 0.12 D2
Everest NE-Pinnacle II 8282 25 0.30 D2
edit

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Per The Himalayan Database (HDB) tables, the Climber (or Member) Death Rate is the ratio of deaths above base camp, of all climbers who were hoping to summit and who went above base camp, for 1950 to 2009, and is closer to a true probability of death; the data is only for Nepalese Himalaya. Summary tables from the HDB report for all mountains above 8,000 metres, imply that the death rate for the period 1990 to 2009 (e.g. modern expeditions), is roughly half that of the combined 1950 to 2009 period.[28]
  2. ^ As recorded by Eberhard Jurgalski
  3. ^ a b As recorded by Eberhard Jurgalski and being any death (climber or other) above Base Camp.[30]
  4. ^ This should not be mistaken as being a death rate; it does not imply a probability of death for a climber attempting to climb an eight-thousander as it includes all deaths from all activities undertaken above base camp (e.g. training or reconnaissance trips, camp stocking activities by porters who will not be summiting the mountain, rescue attempts etc.). Thus it compares deaths from the larger group of people who were, and were not, making a summit attempt, with the smaller group who were making a summit attempt. While it is not a probability, the statistic does reflect the ratio of people who died above base camp for each climber who summited.
  5. ^ a b c d Data is not available for the Karakoram Himalayas
  6. ^ Nirmal Purja climbed all fourteen 8,000m peaks between April 2019 and October 2019, but climbed his first, Dhaulagiri, in 2014.
  7. ^ The UIAA main list also includes summits that have a prominence far lower than 30 metres.

References

edit
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  149. ^ Dewan Rai (19 September 2022). "The Debate Over Manaslu's Summit Is Over. Now, Hundreds of Climbers Want to Reach It". outsideonline.com. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  150. ^ Richard Gray (23 August 2013). "The new peaks opened as alternatives to Mount Everest". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Nepal
  151. ^ a b c Navin Singh Khadka (18 October 2013). "Nepal mountain peak expansion bid stalls". BBC News.
  152. ^ a b "Do we really need more 8000m peaks". Mark Horrell. 23 October 2013. The most prominent one, Broad Peak Central is just 196m high and the least prominent, Lhotse Middle, is a meagre 60m. To put this in context, the highest mountain in Malta is 253m, while the Eiffel Tower stands a whopping 300m.
  153. ^ "A funny name for a mountain". Mark Horrell. 4 June 2014.
  154. ^ "UIAA Mountain Classification: 4,000ERS OF THE ALPS". UIAA. March 1994. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018. Topographic criterium: for each summit, the level difference between it and the highest adjacent pass or notch should be at least 30 m (98 ft) (calculated as average of the summits at the limit of acceptability). An additional criterium can be the horizontal distance between a summit and the base of another adjacent 4000er.
  155. ^ Eberhard Jurgalski [in German]. "Subsidiary Peaks". 8000ers.com. Retrieved 23 November 2018. There are several different subsidiary peaks! Here are the geographical facts, from the one "relative independent Main-Peak" (EU category B) over the important subsidiary peaks (C) to the major notable points (D1) Especially the last category is just guessed by contours or from photographs.
  156. ^ a b Eberhard Jurgalski [in German]. "Dominance". 8000ers.com. Retrieved 23 November 2018. Accordingly, the author introduced altitude classes (AC) and a proportional prominence, which he named orometrical dominance (D). D is calculated easily but fittingly: (P/Alt) x 100. Thus, it indicates the percentage of independence for every elevation, no matter what the altitude, prominence or mountain type it is. From a scientific point of view, altitude could be seen as the thesis, prominence as the antithesis, whereas dominance would be the synthesis.
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