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Comment: Please see WP:REFBEG and fix your citation style. Currently, none of the presented sources are clear or verifiable. Hitro talk 10:31, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
Shisa-8 is a protein encoded by the Human gene C22orf17 (Chromosome 22, Open Reading Frame 17). The longest isoform of the Shisa-8 mRNA is Isoform 1 spanning 5,532 nucleotides (nt). The Shisa-8 protein has been associated with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isooxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors and is part of the AMPA receptor complex.[1] AMPA receptors are predicted to have effects on learning, memory, and gating properties in neurons.[2] [3]
Gene
editAliases
the protein Shisa-8 only has one distinct alias, C22orf17.[4]
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Locus
The C22orf17 gene is located on the negative strand of Chromosome 22 (22q13.2) spanning 5,532 nt. It is found between two genes being MIR33A and TNFRSF13C.[5]
Exons
C22orf17 gene has a total of 4 exons and 3 introns. All of the introns are gt-ag, which is a very common structure that has been associated with RNA-binding regions that are involved in splicing.[6] [7].
Transcript Variants
C22orf17 has 4 isoforms: 1, 2, 3, and X1. Exons 1, 2, and 4 are identical in each isoform, with all differences in isoforms contained within exon 3. Isoform 1, 2, 3, and X1 coding sequences span 1,479, 1,371, 1,194, and 1,359 nt respectively, with Isoform 1 being the longest transcript. [8]
Protein
editStructure
Shisa-8 is a membrane bound protein associated with AMPA receptors that has 4 isoforms[9]and is a class of transporters only found in the plasma membrane currently.[10] The protein is comprised of several regions including a N-terminus cysteine rich extracellular domain from AA1 to AA138 (Amino Acid), a transmembrane region from AA139 to AA159, C-terminus region with a proline rich region from AA186 to AA448 and a PDZ II domain. This cysteine rich region is highly conserved, showing its importance in interacting with AMPA receptors. The PDZ region allows the Shisa-8 protein to interact with other PDZ containing proteins.[11] Shisa-8 contains a Pfam1308 domain and acts as an antagonist to Wnt and FGF signaling critical for brain development or neurotransmitter. regulation.[12],[13]
Isoform Characteristics
| Isoform Protein # | Accession # | mRNA length (nt) | Protein Length (aa) | Molecular Weight (kDa) | Variation in Exon 3 (nt) | Isoelectric point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NP_001340367 | 2108 | 492 | 51.0 | 431 | 10.8 |
| 2 | NP_001340368 | 2000 | 456 | 47.8 | 323 | 10.7 |
| 3 | NP_001193949 | 1823 | 397 | 41.9 | 146 | 10.6 |
| X1 | XP_006724319 | 1988 | 452 | 47.4 | No information | 10.7 |
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure of the Shisa-8 Protein was created using I-tasser by breaking up the protein at the transmembrane region. Thus the extracellular N-terminus of Shisa-8 spans from AA1 to AA139 and the intracellular C-terminus spans from AA160 to AA462. Cleavage site for a signal peptide that spans from AA38-AA39 and is include on the Alphafold diagram.[16] [17]The N-terminus of Shisa-8 features a N-glycosylation site at AA75. In the C-terminus of Shisa-8, there is a proline rich region that is important for protein binding, especially SH3 protein binding domains that are associated with signal transduction.[18]
Expression
editGene Level Regulation
Shisa-8 has the highest expression in the brain or with glands associated with the brain, specifically the cerebellum and adrenal gland. Shisa-8 was found to be ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested, although expression in general was low, except in the brain and adrenal gland where expression was high[19]. Protein abundance for Shisa-8 was on the lower end of abundance compared to other proteins. This finding was also shared by orthologs Water Buffalo and House Mouse.[20]
Protein Level Regulation
Shisa-8 was found to be localized to the plasma membrane of a cell.[21] “It was also found to have a signal peptide from AA38 to AA39 translocating the protein to the plasma membrane. [22][23] Shisa-8 has several post-translantional modifications including N-linked glycosylation, O-glycosylation, Phosphorylation, and SUMOylation. [24]
Evolution
editParalogs
| Protein Name | Accession # | Sequence Length (aa) | Sequence Identity (%) | Sequence Similarity (%) | E Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shisa-8 | NP_001340367 | 492 | 100 | 100 | 0 |
| Shisa-7 | NP_001138648.1 | 538 | 28.6 | 35.9 | 2E-25 |
| Shisa-6 | NP_001166932.1 | 551 | 22.8 | 33.0 | 8E-32 |
| Shisa-2 | NP_001007539.1 | 295 | 18.8 | 25.6 | 2E-5 |
| Shisa-9 | KAI2577232.1 | 221 | 17.7 | 22.2 | 2E-49 |
| Shisa-5 | NP_057563.3 | 240 | 15.7 | 20.5 | 3E-5 |
| Shisa-3 | NP_001073974.1 | 238 | 11.8 | 17.1 | 9E-5 |
| Shisa-4 | AAH61908.1 | 197 | 10.6 | 15.7 | 2E-5 |
Shisa-8 is a part of the Shisa family of proteins with Shisa-6 and Shisa-7 being found to be the most similar paralogs. Shisa 9, 7, and 6 were also shown to have a role in allosteric modulation of AMPA receptors.[25]
Orthologs
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Shisa-8 orthologs were found in vertebrates and cartilaginous fish.[26]. Theories of Shisa-8 origins conclude that it either resulted from a gene duplication from Shisa-9, or was present in the last common ancestor of vertebrates.[27] Of all vertebrates, the most divergent ortholog found was a Petromyzon marinus (Sea Lamprey). Shisa-8 diverged from Petromyzon marinus approximately 462 million years ago [28]
Rate Of Evolution
Using Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha divergence rates, Shisa-8 divergence rates were moderate compared to Fibrinogen Alpha and Cytochrome C divergence rates. This seems to indicate that Shisa-8's rate of mutation rate is moderate.
Interacting Proteins
edit| Abbreviated Name | Full Name | Score | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| SHISA9 | SHISA9 | 0.728 | - Promotes AMPA receptor desensitization
-Regulator of short-term neuronal plasticity |
| GRIN1 | Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 | 0.612 | -Heterotetrameric ligand-gated ions channels with high calcium permeability and magnesium sensitivity |
| SHISA7 | SHISA7 | 0.604 | -May affect AMPAR channel kinetics
-Regulates GABA(A)R trafficking, channel deactivation kinetics and pharmacology |
| CNIH2 | Protein cornichon homolog 2 | 0.588 | -Regulates the trafficking and gating of AMPARs
-Blocks CACNG8-mediated resensitization of AMPA receptors |
| OLFM2 | Noelin-2 | 0.581 | -involved in TGF-β induced smooth muscle differentiation
-Role in AMPAR complex organization |
| LDLRAD1 | Low density lipoprotein receptor class A domain containing 1 | 0.580 | None |
| GRIN2C | Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C | 0.578 | -Heterotetrameric ligand-gated ions channels with high calcium permeability and magnesium sensitivity |
| CACNG3 | Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit | 0.572 | -Regulates the trafficking to the somatodendritic compartment and gating properties of AMPARs |
| PTK2B | Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta | 0.569 | -regulate the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton
-regulation of humoral immune response |
| GRIA2 | Glutamate receptor 2 | 0.566 | -ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission |
Clinical Significance
editThe c22orf17 gene has been associated with brain tumors, colon tumors, and lymphoma cancers due to expression of EST clones of similar sequence being shown. [30]
Shisa-8 has been shown to be repressed in patients experiencing Chronic B-lymphocyte Leukemia (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) and breast cancer with alpha-silenced MC7 estrogen receptors. In endothelial tissues, Shisa-8 was also found to be expressed in a great amount in Schizophrenic patient's tissue compared to healthy tissue.[31]
References
edit- ^ "SHISA8 shisa family member 8 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Liu, Wang, Tian, Zhang, Wang, Xiong, Liu, Xie, Wu, Xu, Shiying, Jianan, Xuan, Zhigang, Liping, Yanlei, Xinyuan, Yalei, Xiaopei, Chengli (2024). "An integrated multi-omics analysis identifies novel regulators of circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions induced by changed photoperiod in Antarctica". Molecular Psychiatry. NIH. doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02844-7. PMID 39587296. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nejat, Klaassen, Smit, Mazyar, Remco, August (2021). "Auxiliary subunits of the AMPA receptor: The Shisa family of proteins". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 58. NIH: 52–61. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2021.03.001. hdl:1871.1/e9e9a0c2-d7ca-4ebf-a2af-4d09624c4d4f. PMID 33892364. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "SHISA8 Gene - Shisa Family Member 8". GeneCard. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "SHISA8 Gene - Shisa Family Member 8". GeneCard. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "SHISA8 shisa family member 8 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "Chapter 10 Synthesis and Processing of RNA". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
- ^ "SHISA8 shisa family member 8 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "SHISA8 shisa family member 8 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "Shisa-8". Human Protein Atlas. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Engelhardt, Jakob (2019). "AMPA Receptor Auxiliary Proteins of the CKAMP Family". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (6). NIH: 1460. doi:10.3390/ijms20061460. PMC 6470934. PMID 30909450.
- ^ Maino, Ciotti, Calissano, Cavallaro, Barbara, Maria, Pietro, Sebastiano (2014). "Transcriptional analysis of apoptotic cerebellar granule neurons following rescue by gastric inhibitory polypeptide". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 15 (4). NIH: 5596–6122. doi:10.3390/ijms15045596. PMC 4013584. PMID 24694544.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rao, Farooqui, Zhang, Asch, Yamada, Chinthalapally, Mudassir, Yuting, Adam, Hiroshi (2018). "Spontaneous development of Alzheimer's disease-associated brain pathology in a Shugoshin-1 mouse cohesinopathy model". Aging Cell. 17 (4). NIH: e12797. doi:10.1111/acel.12797. PMC 6052391. PMID 29943428.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "SHISA8 shisa family member 8 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "Expasy Compute pI/mW". Expasy. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "I-Tasser". I-Tasser. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "Protein shisa-8". AlphaFold. EMBL-EBI. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
- ^ Kay, Williamson, Sudol, Brian, Michael, Marius. "The Importance of being Proline: the Interaction of Proline Rich Motifs in Signaling Proteins with their Cognate Domain". FaseB. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Microarray assessed tissue expression patterns of C22orf17 from NCBI GEO GDS4794". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "Shisa-8 Protein Abundance". PaxDB. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "DeepLoc DTU". DTU Health Tech. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "TargetP DTU". DTU Health Tech. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "SignalP DTU". DTU Health Tech. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "DTU Health Tech". DTU Health Tech. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Nejat, Klaassen, Spijker, and Smit, Mazyar, Remco, Sabine, August. "Auxiliary subunits of the AMPA receptor: The Shisa family of proteins". Science Direct. Elseveir. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "NCBI BLAST". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ Pei, Grishin, Jimin, Nick (2011). "Unexpected diversity in Shisa-like proteins suggests the importance of their roles as transmembrane adaptors". Cellular Signalling. 24 (3). NIH: 758–769. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.011. PMC 3295595. PMID 22120523.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "NCBI BLAST". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ "STRING Shisa 8 Interacting Proteins". STRING. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
- ^ Hentges, Yarlagadda, Justice, Kathryn, Sujatha, Monica. "Tnfrsf13c (Baffr) is Mis-expressed in Tumors with Murine Leukemia Virus Insertions at Lvis22". Science Direct. Elseveir. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Microarray assessed tissue expression patterns of C22orf17 from NCBI GEO GDS4794". NCBI. NIH. Retrieved 3 December 2024.