Frederick Wilkerson Waugh | |
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Frederick Wilkerson Waugh (1872-1924) was an amateur Canadian ethnologist and natural historian who worked with the Geological Survey of Canada, and with a range of Haudenosaunee (Six Nations) communities and nations, including the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, and Tuscarora, as well as with Ojibwe communities, and in Labrador with the Naskapi, Innu, and Inuit communities. Largely self-taught, Waugh bridged the gap between amateur and professional anthropology during a period of significant transition in the discipline.
Early Life and Education
editBorn on April 4, 1872, in Langford, Ontario, Waugh was the son of George and Ellen (Vanderlip) Waugh. He grew up with one younger sister, Susan, in the hamlet of Langford in Brant County, Ontario. Growing up 10 kilometers north of the Six Nations of the Grand River, fostered Waugh's lifelong interest in Indigenous cultures.[1] His father was a painter. He likely attended a "normal school," although the details of his education are unclear. Waugh worked as a teacher on Manitoulin Island in the 1890s and later pursued unpaid research in archaeology and folklore, including with the Bureau of American Ethnology.[2] He married Nancy Hutchinson in 1894. The couple had two children, Richard (b. 1897) and Reginald Goldwin (b. 1905). By 1901, Waugh had relocated to Toronto, where he and Nancy ran a boarding house. He also began unpaid research for the archaeological branch of the Ontario Provincial Museum in Brant County, while doing paid work editing the Toronto-based Furniture Journal.[1]
Career and Contributions
editDuring his time in unpaid work for the Ontario Provincial Museum, Waugh founded a folklore society with William Wintemberg. In 1911, Waugh was offered a position to work with Edward Sapir, the chief anthropologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, to study material culture in Six Nations communities. He became the Survey's first ethnological preparator in 1913, a role that involved both curatorial and research duties. He relocated to Ottawa to take the position.
Over an 11-year career, Waugh conducted fieldwork with several Indigenous groups, including the northern Innu (Naskapi), Inuit, and northern Ojibwe. Waugh's ethnographic work included studying material culture, language, and folklore, with the aspiration to document Indigenous cultures and languages "verging on extinction."[2] He also oversaw and collected ethnological collections in the Victoria Memorial Museum, which was affiliated with the Geological Survey, throughout field seasons from 1911 to 1918.[1]
In 1916, he began a series of three expeditions to Lake Superior "hinterlands" to conduct fieldwork with northern Ojibwe nations. In 1920, he began researching Innu hunter communities in northern Labrador. His field methods there were innovative for their time, as he sought to immerse himself directly in the communities he studied. During the 1921 expedition to Labrador, he attempted to travel with the Innu band throughout their winter season to document their lifestyle. He was accompanied on the trip by E.W. Calvert, an amateur Ornithologist from London, Ontario, who was charged with cooking duties along with a request from the Department of the Interior to document regional birds and mammals. Waugh failed to find a good interpreter, and instead hired Herbert Pitcher to assist with camp duties. When they reached the Inuit village of Nain on August 22, 1921, they temporarily stayed with John Voisey, one of the areas few permanent (European) residents.
Waugh met two families there from the Mushuau Innu band, whose communities had been plagued by recent famine and previous bouts of measles and small pox. From there, Waugh and his team went inland following the Assiwaban River (Ashuapun-shipu or Koraluk) hoping to find Innu en route to hunting locations in the valley of the George. They were unsuccessful, however, and returned with only notes about the natural environment. Innu, he later found out, "were avoiding me very carefully" because they thought he was there to enforce recent "game law with regard to caribou." Without an interpreter, he also fared poorly further inland in the Spring. He did forge a relationship with one elder named Old Harriet, also known as Mrs. Deer, who knew traditional stories from Hebron. He also took many photographs in Nain, mostly of daily life, and did take lesser numbers of photos with Innu communities.[2]
Death and Legacy
editIn 1924, Waugh conducted fieldwork among the southern Innu (Montagnais) in Sept-Îles, Quebec, with his son, Goldwin. There he documented knowledge from a community member from Fort Chimo, as well as Seven Islands. En route to Ottawa in late-September, at age 52, Waugh sent his son, Golwin ahead while he stopped in Kahnawake, a Mohawk reserve near Montreal, in order to acquire museum collections. He vanished mysteriously. Investigations into his disappearance by the RCMP and Geological Survey were inconclusive, but his Survey colleague Diamond Jennes speculated that Waugh fell from a railway bridge while heading to the island of Montreal.[2]
Today, his museum collections are held at the Canadian Museum of History (formerly Canadian Museum of Civilization), which include wide ranging items related to technologies, games, clothing, decorative items, food, and plant specimens, photographs, transcribed stories and notes on food preparation and plant medicines, and correspondence with a range of prominent anthropologists and community members.[1] Other legacy materials were gifted to the American Philosophical Society by William Fenton in 1950.[3] His book, Iroquis foods and food preparation was drawn from more than 700 pages of notes on Six Nations folktales.[4][3]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Loyer, Stacy. "Connecting Through Collecting: Locating Lacrosse Sticks in Frederick Wilkerson Waugh’s Collection from the Six Nations of the Grand River." Material Culture Review 73 (2011): 51-59.
- ^ a b c d Richling, Barnett. “Frederick W. Waugh (1872–1924).” Arctic 67, no. 2 (2014): 257–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24363704.
- ^ a b Randle, Martha Champion. “The Waugh Collection of Iroquois Folktales.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 97, no. 5 (1953): 611–33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3149274.
- ^ Waugh, Frederick Wilkerson. Iroquis [sic] foods and food preparation. Vol. 86. Government Printing Bureau, 1916.
External Links
edit- Letters: to E. Sapir, 5 November 1911, 17 January 1922, 18 July 1924; to W. Mclnnes, 10 January 1922. Microfilm 82-131. Correspondence of Edward Sapir. Gatineau: Canadian Museum of History.
- Davis Inlet Naskapi -- a. Waugh's notes, 1923-1924, II(4B11), Box: 3. Frank G. Speck Papers, Mss.Ms.Coll.126. American Philosophical Society.
- Mohawk man, Seth Newhouse NAA.PhotoLot.176, Guide to the Bureau of American Ethnology negatives, National Anthropological Archives, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.