Draft:Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina

Achhar Singh Chhina, born on October 2, 1899, in Amritsar, Punjab, was a significant figure in the Indian communist movement and an active participant in the struggle for Indian independence. He was significantly involved in numerous demonstrations against British rule and greatly influenced by the Ghadar Party's revolutionary ideas.

Chhina received his early education at Khalsa College, Amritsar, where he actively participated in protests against British rule, including a boycott of the Prince of Wales' visit. In 1921, he traveled to the United States, along with S. Pratap Singh Kairon and S. Jaswant Singh Kairon, to pursue his engineering studies at the University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering. He also completed his graduation in Political Science and Economics from the University of California, Berkeley. During his time in San Francisco, he associated himself with the Ghadar Party and embraced their revolutionary ideals, eventually becoming an active member.

After completing his studies, Chhina joined the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, where he worked until 1930. In 1931, he established a Ghadar Party unit in Detroit and became the president of the unit after uniting the local Indian community and promoting the ideology of Indian freedom. However, after meeting with Teja Singh Samundri, his desire to deepen his understanding of political science and economics led him to Moscow, Russia, where he went to pursue further studies in a communist society and explore the differences between communism and capitalism.

In 1932, Chhina left the United States for the Soviet Union to pursue his master's in socialist studies at Far Eastern Federal University. Upon completing his studies, he returned to India in 1936 but was arrested and detained in Lahore for two months. Following his release, the British government restricted his movements, confining him to his village in 1937.

In March 1938, Chhina, along with Mohan Singh Batth, led a conference in Fatehwal village, Amritsar, organized by the Communist Party of India. Individuals connected to Mir Maqbool, a local landlord and parliamentary secretary for the Unionist Ministry, interfered with the conference. In the ensuing chaos, two attackers were killed by the communists. Chhina and 47 other communists were charged by the police, leading to a highly publicized case. Prominent leader Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew formed a defense committee to fight the charges. However, Chhina had to go into hiding to evade the police. Eventually, he was acquitted, although some of his comrades were convicted.

In the 1940s, Chhina's support for Subhas Chandra Bose's ideology led him to Russia, where he worked towards securing support from Moscow for the freedom movement against British rule. Upon his return to India, he was arrested and taken to Lahore Fort and subsequently Campbell Jail. He was released on May 1, 1942, as part of the Communist Party's support for World War II. Chhina then became the President of the Punjab Kisan Sabha (1948–1947), an organization advocating for farmers' rights. In 1946, he organized the Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha, a significant protest movement. Once again, he was arrested and detained for three months.

In 1948, Chhina served as secretary of the Punjab Communist Party. After India gained independence, he was arrested by the Indian government and imprisoned in Ambala Jail as the Communist Party was declared illegal. While in prison, he was elected a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Ajnala in 1952. He was re-elected in 1957 and served as an MLA until 1962. Throughout this period, he remained actively involved in Punjab politics.

Achhar Singh Chhina continued his political involvement until his death on March 11, 1981. His contributions to the communist movement in India, his participation in various protests and movements, and his resilience in the face of arrests and imprisonments mark him as an important figure in Indian history.

Role in the Ghadar Movement, 1922–1938:

Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina played a crucial role in the Ghadar Movement, which was a significant revolutionary movement aimed at securing India's independence from British rule. During his time in San Francisco, while completing his undergraduate studies, Chhina actively participated in the Ghadar Party and became a dedicated activist for the cause.

While working as an intern at the Ford Company in Detroit, Michigan, Chhina successfully established a Ghadar Party unit, uniting the local Indian community and spreading the ideology of Indian freedom. His efforts in organizing and mobilizing the Indian diaspora in the United States were instrumental in raising awareness about the Ghadar Movement and garnering support for India's independence struggle.

Chhina's commitment to the cause led him to pursue further studies in political science and economics in Moscow, Russia. His intention was to gain a deeper understanding of political structures in both communist and capitalist societies. After completing his studies, Chhina returned to India with the aim of implementing his newfound knowledge and contributing to the independence movement. Upon returning to India, Chhina actively distributed pamphlets, both within the country and abroad, to raise awareness about the Ghadar Movement and the need for India's freedom.

Chhina worked closely with notable figures such as Baba Gurmukh Singh and Bhagat Singh Bilga under the leadership of the Ghadar Movement and the Kirti Party. However, in October 1936, the government arrested Chhina from Lahore, along with Baba Gurmukh Singh and Bhagat Singh Bilga. They were imprisoned in Lahore's royal fort, where they endured severe torture. Despite these hardships, Chhina remained steadfast in his commitment to the cause.

After his release from jail, Chhina continued his efforts to raise awareness and mobilize support for India's independence. He traveled from village to village, delivering lectures and inspiring others to join the Ghadar Movement. His unwavering dedication and activism served as a powerful example for others and played a significant role in rallying support for the cause of freedom. Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina's contributions to the Ghadar Movement are notable for his efforts in raising awareness about India's struggle for independence and mobilizing support both within the country and abroad. His commitment to educating and inspiring others to join the cause made him an influential figure in the movement and left a lasting impact on the fight for Indian independence.

Fatehwal Murder Case, 1938–39:

The Fatehwal Murder Case in 1938–39 was a highly publicized legal case in which Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina, along with 47 other communists, was charged with murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code. The incident occurred following a conference organized by the Communist Party of India (CPI) in Fatehwal village on March 13, 1938, in Amritsar, where Chhina and Mohan Singh Batth were scheduled to preside.

During the conference, disruptions arose from individuals associated with Mir Maqbool, a local landlord and Unionist ministry parliamentary secretary. Despite the interruptions, Chhina and his associates proceeded with the conference. However, after leaving for Amritsar, Chhina and the attendees faced an attack from supporters of the landlord, leading to a violent altercation. In the ensuing chaos, two attackers were killed by members of the public defending themselves and others.

The incident resulted in a criminal case being registered against Chhina and others involved. The case received significant attention and became a widely discussed topic across the country. To support Chhina, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, and Advocate Karam Singh Mann formed a defense committee.

In order to evade arrest, Chhina went into hiding during the Fatehwal Murder Case. The police attempted to implicate him as the primary attacker, but during the trial, Chhina was found not guilty on all counts. Sardar Joginder Singh Chhina, another individual implicated in the case, was sentenced to 20 years. However, the defense committee, led by Nehru and Kitchlew, fought diligently for justice, taking the case to the High Court.

Ultimately, Chhina, along with all others involved in the case, was acquitted of all charges when police constable Des Raj provided evidence in court that Comrade Chhina left the conference after his speech and long before the violence started. The outcome of the trial marked a significant victory for the independence movement and further solidified Chhina's reputation as a dedicated political activist. The defense committee's efforts to secure his acquittal showcased the widespread support and determination within the country's political landscape to protect those fighting for India's freedom.

Subash Chandra Bose (Netaji) Connection of Forward Block, Kirty Party and Soviet Union

In 1939, during the Tripura Session, Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as the President of the Congress. Subash Chandra Bose, also known as Netaji, first met Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina in April 1939 when he was visiting the Gaya district. At that time, Chhina was hiding from the police due to the Fathewall Murder Case. They secretly met with leaders of the Kirti Party, including Ram Kishan B.A. National, Bujha Singh, and Dr. Bhag Singh, to discuss ways of achieving independence with the assistance of the Soviet Union.

Following Subhash Chandra Bose's resignation from the Congress, he founded the Forward Block in March 1940. During the early 1940s, Bose collaborated with Achhar Singh Chhina, also known as Larkin in Moscow, in an effort to seek Soviet support for India's independence. Bose sought advice from Narinjan Singh Talib and Baldev Singh, who agreed that Chhina would be a suitable contact for this endeavor.

In June 1940, Chhina and Ram Kishan B.A. National visited Bhagat Ram Talwar in his village in North West Frontier, a member of the Forward Bloc who facilitated secret activities for the Kirti Party. During this meeting, Ram Krishan confirmed to Comrade Chhina that Subhash Chandra Bose had agreed to their proposal of seeking support from Russia for Indian independence. In order to execute this plan, Chhina subsequently met Bose in Calcutta, and together they decided to approach the Soviet leadership for support. Bose expressed his desire to personally meet with the Soviet leaders. Chhina agreed to assist Bose in this secret mission and traveled to Russia to make the necessary arrangements.

In April 1940, the Kirti Party devised a plan to send Subhash Chandra Bose to Russia via Afghanistan. Ram Kishan B.A. National, Achhar Singh Chhina, and Bose were prepared to depart on June 7, 1940. Ajmer Sidhu (2013) However, Bose's involvement in the Holwell uprising resulted in his imprisonment, preventing him from leaving on the agreed date. In Bose's absence, Bhagat Ram Talwar was dispatched to Calcutta to meet him, while Bujha Singh and Dasaundha Singh went to Kabul to further plan the mission. Bhagat Ram Talwar was instructed to bring Bose to Kabul. While in jail, Bose initiated a hunger strike, which led to a deterioration of his health. As a result, the government released him on parole.

Despite encountering difficulties, Chhina and Ram Krishan reached the border of the Soviet Union via Kabul and the Hindukush Mountains. However, after crossing the border through the Oxus (Amu) River, they were apprehended by Russian police and subsequently imprisoned. Comrade Kozlov, a professor at Far Eastern Federal University, recognized Chhina at the police station in Stalinabad (now Dushanbe) and took both of them to Moscow. Unfortunately, Ram Krishan passed away in Russia due to tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Chhina engaged in discussions with top Soviet leaders in Moscow regarding the potential partnership to support India's independence.

Meanwhile, Bose, accompanied by Bhagat Ram Talwar, traveled to Kabul to engage with the Soviet and German missions. Although his talks with the Soviets did not yield positive outcomes, Bose persisted in his efforts. He also made contact with German officials using an alias and met the Italian representative in Kabul. Bose made two unsuccessful attempts to enter the Soviet Union and eventually departed for Germany in his quest for German support for Indian independence.

The collaboration between Bose and Chhina demonstrates their shared commitment to Indian freedom and their efforts to forge alliances and seek assistance from other nations. While Bose endeavored to establish communication with both Soviet and German officials, Chhina played a crucial role in establishing connections and preparing the groundwork for Bose's meetings. Their interactions with various foreign actors exemplify the challenges faced by leaders during this critical period in history. Although the combined efforts of Bose and Chhina did not result in significant support from the Soviets, their determination to form alliances and seek assistance from other countries reflects their strategic vision and recognition that the struggle for Indian independence was a global endeavor. Their collaborative work underscores their unwavering dedication to the cause and their willingness to explore all possibilities to secure India's freedom.

Role of Achhar Singh Chhina in the International Politics

Achhar Singh Chhina played a significant role in international politics, particularly during World War II, as he worked tirelessly to secure assistance for India's independence from the Soviet Union. When Subhash Chandra Bose was arrested in the Black Hole of Calcutta in 1940, Chhina took it upon himself to travel to the Soviet Union to fulfill Bose's vision of obtaining Russian support.

During his visit to the Soviet Union, In December 1940 Chhina successfully managed to meet with Dimitrov and Joseph Stalin, the country's leader at that time. During this crucial meeting, Chhina presented his plan, known as "The National Front for the Liberation of India," and emphasized the importance of Soviet backing for the Indian independence movement. This trip and Chhina's discussions with Stalin laid the groundwork for future collaboration between the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Soviet Union.

During World War II, the CPI took a stance against the Quit India movement and actively participated in foreign politics. Chhina played a pivotal role in coordinating efforts between members of the Soviet Communist Party to devise plans for the war and establish foreign alliances. Once the party's policy was established, Chhina returned to India to implement the plan and disseminate information. Given the global context, the Communist Party opted to distance itself from nationalist politics, refraining from aligning with Germany and considering British rule as a potentially advantageous force.

However, Chhina faced obstacles on his return journey from Russia via Gilgit when he was detained by British officials while crossing the Himalayas. As a result, he was sent to Lahore Jail. Despite this setback, Chhina remained unwavering in his commitment to the fight for freedom and continued to contribute to the cause.

Professor Ali Raza's book, "Revolutionary Pasts: Communist Internationalism in Colonial India," published by Cambridge University Press in 2020, sheds light on Chhina's significance in the independence movement. The book explores Chhina's involvement in international politics and highlights his impact on Indian politics and relations with other countries. It underscores Chhina's crucial role in seeking assistance from the Soviet Union and further solidifies his importance in the struggle for Indian freedom.

Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha, 1946

Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina became the president of the Kisan Sabha (Punjab) in the year 1942 and held this position until 1947. Being Present of Kisan Sabha Comrade Chhina led the Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha, a significant protest movement in Punjab that took place in 1946. This movement focused on securing farmers' rights to irrigation and combating the reduction of irrigation water supply by the British government under the remodelling scheme.

Recognizing the pressing issue at hand, Chhina formed the Mogha Morcha Committee, comprising prominent leaders such as Sohan Singh Josh, Mohan Singh Baath, Baba Karam Singh Cheema, Jagbir Singh Chhina, Gurdial Singh Dhillon, and Dalip Singh Tapiala, who shared the cause of fighting for farmers' rights. On July 26, 1946, Chhina led a procession (jatha) of 15 members from Harsha Chhina Village, symbolically carrying an iron kahi, representing the demand for a larger canal outlet to replace the smaller one. This gesture highlighted the essential need for adequate irrigation for the farmers.

However, the police intervened and arrested Chhina and other participants of the jatha before they could reach the canal. Despite the arrests, the movement continued, with other activists and supporters rallying for farmers' rights. The sustained pressure and activism eventually compelled the British government to reconsider its decision and uphold the previous agreement, ensuring that farmers received the necessary irrigation water.

During the movement, approximately 950 protestors were arrested and detained in Lahore jail for three months. However, the impact of the Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha led to all-party negotiations with the Revenue Minister of India and government officials. These negotiations addressed the demands for increased irrigation water for farmers, in line with the previous agreement between the farmers and the government. Ultimately, the British government agreed to the demands put forth by the freedom fighters, leading to their release from jail.

The significance of the Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha extended beyond securing farmers' rights to irrigation. The participants of the movement were recognized as freedom fighters by the Indian government, making them eligible for freedom fighter pensions. This recognition highlights the importance and impact of their struggle.

Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina's leadership and direction were pivotal to the success of the Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha. His unwavering commitment to farmers' rights, coupled with his ability to mobilize support and organize effective protests, demonstrated his dedication and strategic approach. Despite the arrests and detentions faced by the participants, their resilience and persistence led to the achievement of their goals.

The Harsha Chhina Mogha Morcha serves as a testament to Chhina's tireless efforts and the collective determination of the farmers and activists involved. Their fight for irrigation rights represents a crucial chapter in the broader struggle for independence and highlights the vital role of farmers in shaping the future of India.

After independence

Following India's independence from British rule in 1947, Chhina continued to work within the underground communist party in India, despite facing challenges and spending time in jail. His commitment to the principles of communism and his relentless pursuit of social justice propelled him forward.

Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina's appointment as the Secretary of the Punjab Communist Party in 1948 marked a significant turning point in the party's political ideology and direction. His role was instrumental in shaping the party's vision and expanding its support and influence in the region. Chhina's unwavering dedication to the cause of Indian independence and the rights of farmers established him as a respected and influential figure in Indian politics.

In 1952, he successfully won a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly, where he served until 1962. In 1962, he stood for election as a Member of Parliament (MP) from Taran Taran but narrowly lost by 1600 votes. Despite the setbacks and obstacles he faced, Chhina's actions were motivated by a deep-rooted desire to make India a better country for all its citizens.

Legacy

After Indian independence, Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina remained an active participant in political and social affairs, advocating for the rights of the working class and marginalized communities. His dedication to uplifting these groups and his unwavering commitment to justice and equality exemplified his role as a respected leader within the Communist Party of India.

While Chhina's choice of communist ideology faced challenges in the Indian context, his intentions to improve India's welfare and create a more equitable society were commendable. His legacy as a patriot who worked towards making India a better country for all is undeniable.

Although the decline of communism globally in the late 20th century affected the appeal and influence of the Communist Party of India, Chhina's efforts in promoting communism and forging international alliances, particularly with the Soviet Union, were significant. His involvement in international politics showcased his dedication to the cause and his endeavors to secure support for Indian independence.

The Government of Punjab paid tribute to Chhina's substantial contributions by naming a school in his honor—the "Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina Senior Secondary School Harsha Chhina." This recognition underscores his hard work and profound impact on the history of Punjab and India as a whole.

Additionally, a memorial dedicated to Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina stands near the beginning of the Delhi Express Highway, serving as a reminder of the historical significance of the Mogha Morcha—a movement initiated by Chhina. This monument symbolizes his pursuit of knowledge in both capitalism and communism and his efforts to translate his vision of a free India with equal rights and opportunities into action.

The remembrance of Chhina's contributions to the Communist Party, his fight for Indian freedom, and his commitment to fostering a fair and just society continues to resonate in Punjab and India. His memory and impact continue to inspire individuals working towards social and economic equality, striving to create a better India.

Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina's legacy as a political activist and leader within the Communist Party of India has left an indelible imprint. His contributions to the Indian communist movement and unwavering dedication to improving the world have positioned him as a significant historical figure.

Positions

Achhar Singh Chhina held several significant positions throughout his career, reflecting his commitment to various social and political causes. These positions include:

1. President of the Kisan Sabha Punjab (1942-1947): Chhina served as the President of the Kisan Sabha Punjab, an organization dedicated to advocating for the rights and welfare of farmers in the Punjab region. In this role, he actively worked to address the issues faced by farmers and uplift their socio-economic conditions.

2. Secretary of the Punjab Communist Party (1948): Chhina played a pivotal role as the Secretary of the Punjab Communist Party, shaping the party's political ideology and direction. He worked towards expanding the party's support and influence in Punjab, emphasizing the principles of communism and advocating for social justice and equality.

3. Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (MLA) - Ajnala (1952-1956): Chhina served as a member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly from Ajnala constituency during the years 1952 to 1956. In this capacity, he represented the interests of his constituents and actively participated in legislative affairs, contributing to the governance and development of the region.

4. Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) - Ajnala (1956-1962): Chhina continued to serve as a member of the Legislative Assembly from the Ajnala constituency for another term from 1956 to 1962. During this period, he continued his work on behalf of the people, advocating for their rights and working towards their betterment.

5. Member of the Ghadar Party Martyrs Memorial (Desh Bhagat Yaadgar), Punjab: Chhina was a member of the Ghadar Party Martyrs Memorial, also known as Desh Bhagat Yaadgar, in Punjab. This organization pays tribute to the martyrs of the Ghadar Party, a revolutionary organization that fought for India's independence from British rule.

6. Member of the Gadhar Party San Francisco (1922) and President of Gadhar Party Detroit: Chhina was associated with the Gadhar Party since 1922. The Gadhar Party was a prominent revolutionary organization founded by Indian immigrants in the United States, advocating for India's independence from British colonial rule.

7. Founder of Naveen Vidhya Mandir, School: Chhina founded Naveen Vidhya Mandir, a school currently known as “Comrade Achhar Singh Chhina Senior Secondary School Harsha Chhina” that aimed to provide education and empower the youth. This educational institution reflects his dedication to promoting education and improving the lives of future generations.

These positions highlight Chhina's diverse involvement in various political, social, and educational initiatives, all with the common goal of advancing the rights and well-being of the people he served.