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Diana of Versailles

The Diana of Versailles or Artemis, Goddess of the Hunt (French: Artémis, déesse de la chasse) is a slightly over-lifesize[1] marble statue of the Roman goddess Diana (Greek: Artemis) with a deer. It is currently located in the Musée du Louvre, Paris.[2] The statue is also known as Diana with a Doe (French: Diane à la biche), Diana Huntress (French: Diane chasseresse), and Diana of Ephesus. It is a partially restored Roman copy (1st or 2nd century CE) of a lost Greek bronze original attributed to Leochares, c. 325 BCE.[3][4]

The Diana of Versailles in the Louvre Galerie des Caryatides that was designed for it

Description

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Diana is represented at the hunt, hastening forward, as if in pursuit of game. She looks toward the right and with raised right arm is about to draw an arrow from her quiver. Her left arm has been restored, and a deer has been added at her feet, although one might have expected a dog.[5] Her left hand is holding a small cylindrical fragment, which may be part of what was once a bow. She wears a short Dorian chiton, a himation around her waist, and sandals. Her second toes are longer than her big toes, a condition known as Morton's toe.[6]

History

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The statue was given by Pope Paul IV to Henry II of France in 1556[7] with a subtle but inescapable allusion to the king's mistress, Diane de Poitiers. It was probably discovered in Italy. One source suggests the Temple of Diana (Nemi), an ancient sanctuary;[8] another posits Hadrian's Villa at Tibur.[9]

"Alone amongst the statues exported from Italy before the second half of the seventeenth century the Diane Chasseresse acquired a reputation outside Italy equivalent to the masterpieces in the Belvedere or the Villa Borghese",[10] though its admirers generally confused it with the Artemis at the temple of Ephesus.[11] It was installed as the central feature of the Jardin de la Reine (today's Jardin de Diane) laid out west of the Galerie des Cerfs at the Château de Fontainebleau; there it was the most prominently displayed and among the first Roman sculptures to be seen in France.

In 1602, Henri IV removed it to the Palais du Louvre, where the Diana was installed in a gallery specially designed to receive it, the Salle des Antiques (now the Salle des Caryatides). At the time, its restorations were revised by Barthélemy Prieur. In 1696 it was installed in the Grande Galerie (Hall of Mirrors) of Versailles by Louis XIV.[12] As one of France's greatest treasures, the Diane Chasseresse returned to the Louvre in An VI (1798) of the French Republican calendar (Haskell and Penny 1981:196).[13][14] It was restored once more, in 1802, by Bernard Lange.[15]

Fountain of Diana at Fontainebleau

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A 1684 bronze copy was installed on the garden fountain at Fontainebleau in 1813

In 1605, after the marble Roman statue had been removed from Fontainebleau, Barthélemy Prieur cast a replacement, a bronze replica which was set upon a high Mannerist marble pedestal, part of a fountain arranged by the hydraulics engineer Tommaso Francini in 1603. The fountain incorporated bronze hunting dogs and stag's heads spitting water, sculpted by Pierre Biard [Wikidata], and was located in the Jardin de la Reine, with a parterre surrounded by an orangery.[16][17]

At the time of the French Revolution, Prieur's bronze was sent to the Louvre, but in 1813, Emperor Napoleon offered it to Empress Joséphine to decorate her Château de Malmaison. At the same time, he ordered the present bronze, a replica cast by the Keller brothers in 1684 and formerly at the Château de Marly (demolished 1806), be placed on the fountain at Fontainebleau. Prieur's bronze was later returned to the Louvre and only in the 20th century was it brought back to Fontainebleau, where it was placed in the Galerie des Cerfs.[17]

Other replicas

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Comparable Roman replicas of the same model, noted by the Louvre's website, have been found at Leptis Magna (Libya), at Antalya (Turkey) and also Annaba (Algeria).[citation needed]

Besides the modern era replicas by Prieur and the Keller brothers, a full-size bronze replica was made in 1634 by Hubert Le Sueur for Charles I of England, the brother-in-law of Louis XIII.[18] For Marly, a marble copy was executed by Guillaume Coustou in 1710. In the second half of the 18th century, numerous replicas of all sizes were created in bronze, plaster, and lead (Haskell and Penny 1981:197).

A miniature replica of the statue stood on the fireplace mantle in the Titanic's first class lounge. In 1986, Robert Ballard discovered and photographed the statue on the sea floor near the bow section of the wreck but never marked the location. In September 2024, the statue was found and photographed again in preparation for its recovery on a future dive.[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The statue stands 2.01 meters in height.
  2. ^ Diane de Versailles (in French), Louvre, 125, retrieved 2023-07-15
  3. ^ I. Leventi, "Leochares", vol. 19, pp. 169–170, in The Dictionary of Art, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove. ISBN 9781884446009.
  4. ^ "Artemis with a Doe", The Louvre Museum. Archived 2 November 2020.
  5. ^ Anonymous 1996, p. 90.
  6. ^ "The Story Behind the "Greek Foot" and its Medical Explanation". Greek Reporter.
  7. ^ "Diane à la biche", Château de Fontainebleau, Archive copy (22 April 2021); Musée du Louvre on-line catalogue, archived 18 August 2018. The archived copy at the Fontainebleau website cites a 1968 manuscript by Boris Lossky, intended for the Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire de l’art Français. Other sources (Haskell and Penny 1981, p. 196; Anonymous 1996, p. 90) give 1586 as the earliest certain date the statue is known to have been at Fontainebleau (mentioned by the Dutch traveller Van Buchell [Haskell and Penny]) and was reported in the 17th century to have come from the Château de Meudon.
  8. ^ Richard Cooper (2016). Roman Antiquities in Renaissance France, 1515–65, p. 189. Routledge. ISBN 9781317061861.
  9. ^ "Choice examples of Classic sculpture: Diana, after p. 274 in Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve, revised edition, vol. 1. New York: The Colonial Press, 1900.
  10. ^ Haskell and Penny, 1981, p. 196.
  11. ^ The error was forcefully refuted by Jean-Aymar Piganiol de La Force, Nouvelle description des châteaux et des parcs de Versailles et de Marly (Paris, 1713), Haskell and Penny note (1981:196).
  12. ^ Date according to the Musée du Louvre on-line catalogue.
  13. ^ Accession number 589.
  14. ^ Anonymous 1996, p. 90: "Numerous copies of the statue from the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries attest to its popularity during that era, but the work is widely ignored today."
  15. ^ Lange is also credited with the first restorations to the Venus de Milo
  16. ^ The orangery was swept away under Louis-Philippe.
  17. ^ a b "Diane à la biche", Archive copy (22 April 2021), Château de Fontainebleau; Jean-Marie Pérouse de Montclos, Le château de Fontainebleau (Paris: Scala, 2009), p. 212.
  18. ^ It is now at Windsor Castle.
  19. ^ Morelle, Rebecca; Francis, Alison (1 September 2024). "Striking Images Reveal Depths of Titanic's Slow Decay". BBC. Retrieved 2 September 2024.

References

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  • Anonymous (1996). "Artemis of Versailles (Diane Chasseresse), p. 90, in Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, edited by Nancy Thomson de Grummond. Routledge. Digital reprint 2015: ISBN 9781134268542.
  • Collignon, Maxime (1890). Manual of Mythology, in Relation to Greek Art. H. Grevel & Co.. Page 94.
  • Haskell, Francis; Nicholas Penny (1981). Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture 1500–1900. Yale University Press. Cat. no. 30.
  • Robertson, Martin (1975). A History of Greek Art. Cambridge University Press. Vol. I, pp. 460–461.
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