Cro-Magnon (/kroʊˈmænjən/ ⓘ, US: /-ˈmæɡnən/; French: Abri de Cro-Magnon French pronunciation: [kʁomaɲɔ̃])[note 1][2][3] is an Aurignacian (Upper Paleolithic) site, located in a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, a hamlet in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil, Dordogne, southwestern France.[4]
Abri de Cro-Magnon | |
 Cro-Magnon rock shelter; a commemorative marble plaque to the right of the image's center-top reads, "Abri de Cro-Magnon: ici furent découverts en 1868 les hommes de Cro-Magnon par François Berthoumeyrou" ("Shelter of Cro-Magnon: Here in 1868 Cro-Magnon men were discovered by François Berthoumeyrou") | |
  Location within France | |
| Location | Les Eyzies, Dordogne |
|---|---|
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine France |
| Coordinates | 44°56′25″N 01°00′35″E / 44.94028°N 1.00972°E |
| Altitude | 73.0 m (240 ft)[1] |
| Type | Rock shelter |
| Part of | European early modern human sites |
| History | |
| Material | Human remains, animal bones, flint tools |
| Founded | ~27,680 ± 270 BP |
| Periods | Aurignacian |
| Associated with | Cro-Magnons |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1868+ |
| Archaeologists | Louis Lartet |
| Public access | Yes |
| Website | Official website |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, iii |
| Designated | 1979 (3rd session) |
| Part of | Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley |
| Reference no. | 85 |
Most notably, it is the site of the discovery of anatomically modern human remains, apparently buried at the site, dated to about 28,000 years ago.[5] Because of its archeological importance, Abri de Cro-Magnon was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley site.[6]
Human remains
edit
In 1868, workmen found animal bones, flint tools, and human skulls in the rock shelter. French geologist Louis Lartet was called for excavations, and found the partial skeletons of four prehistoric adults and one infant, along with perforated shells used as ornaments, an object made from ivory, and worked reindeer antler.
These "Cro-Magnon men" were identified as the prehistoric human species of Europe, as distinct from Neanderthal Man, described a few years earlier by William King based on the Neanderthal 1 fossil discovered in Germany in 1856. Lartet proposed the subspecies name Homo sapiens fossilis in 1869. The term "Cro-Magnon Man" soon came to be used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe. By the 1970s, the term was used for any early modern human wherever found, as was the case with the far-flung Jebel Qafzeh remains in Israel and various Paleo-Indians in the Americas.[8]
Cro-Magnon 1 consists of a skull and partial skeletal remains belonging to a male individual, approximately 40 years old.[9] It is dated to 27,680 ± 270 Before Present (BP). The cranial cavity measures 1,600 cubic centimetres (98 cu in).[10] The capacity of a modern adult anatomically modern human's cranial cavity is 1,200 to 1,700 cubic centimetres (73 to 104 cu in).[11]
Cro-Magnon 2 is a partially preserved female skull with marked facial similarities to Mladeč 2.[12]
Cro-Magnon 3 is a partial skull of a male adult.
The remains are thought to represent adults who died at an advanced age, who were placed at the site, along with pieces of shell and animal teeth in what appear to have been pendants or necklaces, in an apparent intentional burial. The presence of necklaces and tools suggests the concept of grave goods.[13]
Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life-threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons relied on community support and took care of each other's injuries.[13] In addition, Cro-Magnon 1 suffered from a genetic condition called Neurofibromatosis type I, which would have led him to have large cysts or tumours on his face, evident in the depression in the frontal bone and pits of the eyebrows and cheek bones.[14]
Compared to Neanderthals, the skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. The other specimens from the site are a female, Cro-Magnon 2, and male remains, Cro-Magnon 3.
See also
edit
Notes and references
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Google Maps Elevation Finder
- ^ "Cros". Retrieved 2014-08-15.
- ^ "The Cro-Magnon Shelter". Retrieved 2014-08-15.
- ^ (in French) Prehisto-France[permanent dead link]
- ^ Cro-Magnon 1: 27,680 ± 270 BP "Evolution: Humans: Origins of Humankind". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ "Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ Edouard Lartet and Henry Christy; edited by Thomas Rupert Jones. Reliquiæ aquitanicæ : being contributions to the archæology and palæontology of Périgord and the adjoining provinces of southern France (1875), Plate V: Female Cro-Magnon skull in two views.
- ^ Brace, C. Loring (1996). Haeussler, Alice M.; Bailey, Shara E. (eds.). "Cro-Magnon and Qafzeh—vive la Difference". Dental Anthropology Newsletter. 10 (3). Tempe, AZ: Laboratory of Dental Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University: 2–9. doi:10.26575/daj.v10i3.225. ISSN 1096-9411. OCLC 34148636.
- ^ (in French) Abri Cro-Magnon - Hominidés.com
- ^ "Cro-Magnon 1". Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
- ^ Turchin VF. The Phenomenon of Science. Chapter 5. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
- ^ Maria Teschler-Nicola, Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladec Caves and their Remains (2007), p.318.
- ^ a b "Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program". Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006.
- ^ Charlier, P.; Benmoussa, N.; Froesch, P.; Huynh-Charlier, I.; Balzeau, A. (March 2018). "Did Cro-Magnon 1 have neurofibromatosis type 1?". The Lancet. 391 (10127): 1259. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30495-1. PMID 29619955.
External links
edit
- Cro-Magnon 1: Smithsonian Institution – The Human Origins Program