Corruption in Chad is characterized by nepotism and cronyism.[1] Chad received a score of 20 in the 2023 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Chad ranked 162nd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.[2] For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).[3] For comparison with regional scores, the average score among sub-Saharan African countries [Note 1] was 33. The highest score in sub-Saharan Africa was 71 and the lowest score was 11.[4]
History of corruption in Chad
editDuring the Tombalbaye government
editFrançois Tombalbaye was the first President of Chad. His regime has been described as marked by authoritarianism, extreme corruption, and favoritism.[5][6] Corruption in the form of tax collection abuse was one of the main causes of the Mubi Uprising, a series of riots which started the Chadian Civil War.[7]
During the Déby era
editIdriss Déby, President from 1990 until his death in 2021,[8] was accused of cronyism and tribalism.[9] Chadian opposition leaders and Human Rights Watch accused Déby of electoral fraud in multiple elections where he and his party won by landslides.[10] In 2005, Chad was ranked the most corrupt country in the world (tied with Bangladesh).[11]
Corruption in government institutions
editIn the judicial system
editAccording to the Human Rights Report by the US Department of State, Chad's judicial system is heavily influenced by the government, causing government officials to enjoy impunity. Judges who try to uphold judicial independence face harassment and in some cases dismissal.[12] Businesses reported that they have often paid bribes to influence judicial decisions.[13] Ordinary civilians have low trust in their country's judicial system and they try avoid it.[14]
In the security forces
editAccording to the Human Rights Report by the US Department of State corruption is largely present in both the military and the police of Chad. The security forces often engage in petty corruption, violence, and extortion, which usually goes unpunished. Multiple cases of the Judiciary Police not enforcing court orders against military personnel and members of their own ethnic group have been reported.[12] There are also reports of policemen committing street crimes and unlawfully arresting people, usually foreign tourists.[15]
In 2013, an anti-corruption crackdown was conducted in the police force. The crackdown uncovered illegal promotion and recruitment practices, lack of adequate training, favoritism and other corrupt activities. Two ministers were dismissed after the crackdown.[15]
In the public services
editCorruption in the public services of Chad is characterized by nepotism and bribery. Bribery is common in the public services due to the low salaries of civil servants.[15] Public works conducted by the government have been criticized by international organizations for lacking transparency and involving high levels of corruption.[16]
In the oil sector
editChad became an oil producer in 2003. In order to avoid resource curse and corruption, elaborate plans sponsored by the World Bank were made. This plan ensured transparency in payments, as well as that 80% of money from oil exports would be spent on five priority development sectors, the two most important of these being: education and healthcare. However money started getting diverted towards the military even before the civil war broke out. In 2006 when the civil war escalated, Chad abandoned previous economic plans sponsored by the World Bank and added "national security" as a priority development sector. Money from this sector was used to improve the military. During the civil war, more than 600 million dollars were used to buy fighter jets, attack helicopters, and armored personnel carriers.[17] In 2005, an investigation uncovered money wastes, such as computers and printers being bought at inflated prices and various construction projects being paid for but never getting completed.[18] According to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the lack of transparency in infrastructure projects funded by money from the oil sector and the fact that there is no record keeping system to monitor the flow of money from the oil sector represents a significant risk of corruption.[19]
Anti-corruption efforts
editChad has a ministry for combating corruption, called the Ministry of Morality and Good Governance. In 2009, the ministry made a strategic plan to combat corruption, in the same year as an investigation against 10 government officials including the then-mayor of N'Djamena and several cabinet ministers. The charges against them were dropped in 2010 because of the lack of evidence.[15]
In 2012, the Chadian government launched Operation Cobra which aimed to increase transparency and dismiss corrupt officials. It resulted in 400 officials being dismissed and according to the Ministry of Morality and Good Governance, XAF 25 billion (about €38 million) to be recovered.[20]
The Bertelsmann Transformation Index and the US Department of State have described government's anti-corruption efforts as politically motivated and used as a way to eliminate political opposition.[15]
Protests
editStarting in 2014, protests against the corruption and authoritarianism of President Déby were held in N'Djamena. As of 2020, the protests had no success.[21]
Notes
edit- ^ Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Republic of the Congo, Swaziland, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
References
edit- ^ "Chad Corruption Report". GAN Integrity. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ "The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated". Transparency.org. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Chad". Transparency.org. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ "CPI 2023 for Sub-Saharan Africa: Impunity for Corrupt Officials, Restricted Civic Space & Limited Access to Justice". Transparency.org. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ Marielle, Debos (2016) [1st pub. 2013]. Living by the Gun in Chad. Combatants, Impunity and State Formation (Revised, Updated, and Translated ed.). London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-78360-532-3.
- ^ Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert (2015). Libyan Air Wars: Part 1: 1973–1985. Havertown: Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-910777-51-0.
- ^ Azevedo, Mario (1998). The Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad. Charlotte: Gordon and Breach Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 0-203-98874-4.
- ^ "Chad president assassinated by militants from North". EgyptToday. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
- ^ "'Isolated' Deby clings to power". 2006-04-13. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ World Report Book 2008. Human Rights Watch. <https://www.hrw.org/wr2k8/pdfs/wr2k8_web.pdf>
- ^ "Worst corruption offenders named". 2005-10-18. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ a b "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015". 2009-2017.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ "Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016". Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ "BTI 2020: Chad". BTI Blog. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ a b c d e Hub, Knowledge (2021-01-26). "Transparency International Knowledge Hub". Knowledge Hub. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ "International Crisis Group Annual Report 2009 – World". ReliefWeb. March 2009. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ Hicks, Celeste (2015). "Chad and the West: Shifting Security Burden?". Africa Policy Brief: 1–2.
- ^ Polgreen, Lydia (2008-09-11). "Oil's curse holds true for World Bank pipeline in Chad (Published 2008)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ "EITI Progress Report 2014". Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. 2016-07-08. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
- ^ https://www.bti-project.org/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2014_TCD.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "As Chad's Problems Mount, What Role for Civil Society?". Crisis Group. 2020-05-25. Retrieved 2021-01-27.