Wikipedia

Coley's toxins

Coley's toxins (also called Coley's toxin,[1] Coley's vaccine,[2] Coley vaccine, Coley's fluid or mixed bacterial vaccine) is a mixture containing toxins filtered from killed bacteria of species Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens, named after William Coley, a surgical oncologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who developed the mixture in the late 19th century as a treatment for cancer.[3]

Their use in the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries represented a precursor to modern cancer immunotherapy, although at that time their mechanism of action was not completely understood.[4]

There is no evidence that Coley's toxins have any effectiveness in treating cancer, and use of them risks causing serious harm.[5]

Efficacy

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According to Cancer Research UK, "available scientific evidence does not currently support claims that Coley's toxins can treat or prevent cancer".[5] People with cancer who take Coley's toxins alongside conventional cancer treatments, or who use it as a substitute for those treatments, risk seriously harming their health.[5]

History

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Bacterial immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer has been utilized throughout history, with the earliest cases going back to c. 2600 BC.[6] Egyptian physician Imhotep treated tumors by a poultice, followed by incision, to facilitate the development of infection in the desired location and cause regression of the tumors. In 13th century, St. Peregrine experienced spontaneous regression of tumor, after the tumor became infected. In the 18th and 19th centuries, deliberate infection of tumors was a standard treatment, whereby surgical wounds were left open to facilitate the development of infection. Throughout the time period, physicians reported successful treatment of cancer by exposing the tumor to infection including the report of French physician Dussosoy who covered an ulcerated breast carcinoma with gangrenous discharge soaked cloth, resulting in disappearance of tumor.[7][8][9] Observations of a relationship between infection and cancer regression date back to at least the 18th century.[10][11] More specifically, observations of an apparent relationship between erysipelas and remission of cancer predate Coley.[12] For example, Anton Chekhov, in his capacity as a physician, recorded such a relationship in 1884.[13]

Coley started his investigations after the death of one of his first patients, Elizabeth Dashiell, from sarcoma. Dashiell was a close childhood friend of John D. Rockefeller Jr., who later indicated that her death was what first motivated his subsequent funding of cancer research.[14][4]

Frustrated by this case, Coley's subsequent research led him to announce evidence of the apparent relationship between infection and cancer regression, which he published in 1891.[15] His initial attempts at deliberate infection were mixed,[16] but in 1893 he began combining Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens, based upon research from G.H. Roger indicating that this combination led to greater virulence.[17]

Coley published the results of his work as a case series, making it difficult to interpret them with confidence. According to the American Cancer Society, "more research would be needed to determine what benefit, if any, this therapy might have for people with cancer".[18]

The so-called Coley's toxins were used against different types of cancer from the year 1893[19] through the year 1963. Within the preparation's first decade, it was changed from an unfiltered mixture of killed bacteria to a porcelain-filtered mixture,[4] which reduced the adverse effect profile.[4] From 1923 on, Parke-Davis was the only commercial source of Coley's toxins in the United States. Hall (1997)[4] explains that the versions used by Coley himself were custom-compounded, although the formula for the preparation was never standardized.[20]

In the wake of the thalidomide controversy and the Kefauver Harris Amendment of 1962, Coley's toxins were assigned "new drug" status by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), making it illegal to prescribe them outside of clinical trials.[21] Since then, several small clinical trials have been conducted with mixed results.[22]

Coley's toxins were also produced by the small German pharmaceutical company Südmedica[23] and sold under the trade name Vaccineurin.[24] However, production ceased by 1990 because of a lack of re-approval by German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices.

Rationale

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There were multiple rationales proposed for how Coley's toxins might work.

Macrophages

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One rationale argues that macrophages are either in "repair mode", furthering the growing of cancer, or in "defense mode", destroying cancer. However, macrophages are in "defense mode" only if there is some recognized enemy. As cancer tissue is not recognized as enemy (but as normal body tissue), there is a need to bring more macrophages into "defense mode" by simulating an infection. The simulated infection results in a real fever. Unlike hyperthermia, real fever not only means heating of the body but also higher activity of the immune system. Thus, fever is seen as a precondition for a therapy using Coley's Toxins to succeed.[10][25][26]

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin

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One of the agents in Coley's Toxin that is thought to be biologically active is a lipopolysaccharide which causes fever.[27] The resulting fever from the lipopolysaccharide is thought to increase lymphocyte activity and boosts tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Tsung and Norton in Surgical Oncology reported that the active agent was thought to be interleukin-12, rather than TNF.[28]

Streptokinase

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Another hypothesis argues that streptokinase (produced by killed bacteria of species Streptococcus pyogenes together with plasminogen from the patient) is the active agent of Coley's toxins.[29][30] This hypothesis is supported by the fact that streptokinase has been associated with successful treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans.[31]

Dendritic cells

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A robust fever, which occurs in response to Coley fluid, generates inflammatory factors with co-stimulatory activity, which activate resting dendritic cells (DC), leading to the activation of anergic T cells, possibly accomplished through a second process, where physical damage to cancer cells leads to a sudden supply of cancer antigens to the dendritic cell population.[10][25]

Availability

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A private biotech company, Coley Pharmaceutical Group, has conducted clinical trials using genetic sequences which may have contributed to Coley's toxin's effectiveness, and was acquired by Pfizer in January 2008.[32] In addition, the Waisbren Clinic in Wisconsin reports they have used Coley's toxin to treat patients since 1972.[33] Coley's toxins are generally not available where approval or licence is required (in particular in the United States and Germany).

Drug makers including Pfizer and Sanofi-Aventis are interested in modern versions of Coley's toxins;[34] Pfizer has acquired the Coley Pharmaceutical Group, set up in 1997[35]

Germany

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Some specialized medical doctors in Germany apply Coley's toxins to patients. They can do so legally because, in Germany, unapproved medications may be produced, although they may not be sold or given away. Physicians can go to special laboratories and produce Coley's toxins there using their own hands. Coley's toxins may still be applied by a licensed medical doctor, because in Germany there is "Therapiefreiheit" ("therapy freedom"), the legal right to apply whichever therapy a physician considers to be appropriate in the light of their medical knowledge. For example, Dr Josef Issels used several unconventional and controversial treatments, including Coley's toxins, for cancer patients in the second half of the 20th century.

This kind of therapy is offered as "Fiebertherapie" (fever therapy) or better "Aktive Fiebertherapie" (active fever therapy). This term was introduced by E. Göhring in 1985.[36] Hyperthermia therapy or thermotherapy is not the same type of treatment, although sometimes incorrectly called "fever therapy".[citation needed]

Professional politics

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According to an article in the Iowa Orthopedic Journal, Coley's toxins were opposed by the medical establishment despite his reports of good results, because his reports were not believed to be credible.[37] Hall (1997)[4] extensively explores the issue; one of the lenses through which Hall explores it is the decades-long, complicated relationship of James Ewing and William Coley as colleagues at the same institution. Hall explains that the aspects of Coley's work that were scientifically underpowered—the anecdotal emphasis, the lack of a standardized formula for the toxins preparations, the lack of methodologically rigorous clinical trials, and (relatedly) the problem of poor replicability—led many scientists to dismiss all use of Coley's toxins as mere hogwash. Although the truth was more complex than that dismissal recognized, it is a fact that the toxins never made it to the stage of a safe and effective medication, and today their use as alternative medicine is clearly flawed for the same reason that malariotherapy as alternative medicine is flawed, given what humanity now knows about molecular biology that was not known when these older therapies were tried: Even if certain kinds of immune challenge or immunomodulation can produce desirable immunotherapeutic effects, these crude methods of inducing such challenge or modulation are not specific enough (not targeted enough), present too many harms, and do not work consistently enough to bring benefits to most patients, being dependent on idiotypic molecular factors (which were not understood at all when the therapies were first developed and which even today are still not easy for immunotherapy designers to deal with).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Thotathil Z, Jameson MB (2007). "Early experience with novel immunomodulators for cancer treatment". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 16 (9): 1391–403. doi:10.1517/13543784.16.9.1391. PMID 17714025. S2CID 33668239.
  2. ^ Taniguchi Y, Nishizawa T, Kouhchi C, et al. (2006). "Identification and characterization of lipopolysaccharide in acetic acid bacteria". Anticancer Res. 26 (6A): 3997–4002. PMID 17195448.
  3. ^ [1] Pick, Thomas Pickering, "Surgery," Longmans, Green and Company, 1899, Pages 250–251. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hall, Stephen K. (1997). A commotion in the blood: life, death, and the immune system. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5841-9.
  5. ^ a b c "What is Coley's toxins treatment for cancer?". Cancer Research UK. 22 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019.
  6. ^ Cann; et al. (2003). "Dr William Coley and tumour regression: A place in history or in the future". Postgraduate Medical Journal.
  7. ^ Kucerova P, Cervinkova M (2016). "Spontaneous regression of tumour and the role of microbial infection – possibilities for cancer treatment". Anticancer Drugs. 27 (4): 269–77. doi:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000337. PMC 4777220. PMID 26813865.
  8. ^ Jessy T (2011). "Immunity over inability: The spontaneous regression of cancer". J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2 (1): 43–9. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.82318. PMC 3312698. PMID 22470233.
  9. ^ Kienle GS (2012). "Fever in Cancer Treatment: Coley's Therapy and Epidemiologic Observations". Glob Adv Health Med. 1 (1): 92–100. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.1.016. PMC 3833486. PMID 24278806.
  10. ^ a b c Hobohm, U.: [2] Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Fever and cancer in perspective, Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001) 50: 391–396 10.1007/s002620100216
  11. ^ Kleef, Ralf; Hager, E. Dieter (2006-09-15). "Fever, Pyrogens and cancer". Landes Bioscience: Curie. Landes Bioscience. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
  12. ^ W. Busch. Einfluβ von Erysipel. Berliner Klin Wschr 1866. 3: 245–246.
  13. ^ Gresser I (1987). "A. Chekhov, M.D., and Coley's toxins". N. Engl. J. Med. 317 (7): 457. doi:10.1056/NEJM198708133170716. PMID 3302707.
  14. ^ "A Commotion in the Blood". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  15. ^ Coley WB. Annals of Surgery 1891;14:199–200
  16. ^ McCarthy EF (2006). "The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas". The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 26: 154–8. PMC 1888599. PMID 16789469.
  17. ^ Roger, G.H. Séances et Mém Soc de Biol Paris 1890;2:573–580
  18. ^ "Coley Toxins". American Cancer Society. 1 November 2008. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  19. ^ Coley WB. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of Erysipelas, with a report of ten original cases. Am J Med Sci 1893;105:487–511.
  20. ^ "Coley's Toxins Cancer Treatment". Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  21. ^ "Coley's Toxins – The First Century Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients – Find Articles". Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  22. ^ Germs As A Tumor Foe?[dead link‍], from the Los Angeles Times, published February 18, 2008. Accessed March 26, 2008.
  23. ^ Hess, J David. (1997). Can bacteria cause cancer?: alternative medicine confronts big science. New York: New York University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-8147-3562-2.
  24. ^ "History and Background". Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  25. ^ a b Hobohm, U.: [3] Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Fever therapy revisited, British Journal of Cancer (2005) 92, 421 – 425
  26. ^ Hoption Cann S, van Netten J, van Netten C (2003). "Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future". Postgrad Med J. 79 (938): 672–80. doi:10.1093/postgradmedj/79.938.672. PMC 1742910. PMID 14707241. link
  27. ^ "Proposed Mechanism of Action". Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  28. ^ Tsung K, Norton JA (2006). "Lessons from Coley's Toxin". Surgical Oncology. 15 (1): 25–8. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2006.05.002. PMID 16814541.
  29. ^ Zacharski L, Sukhatme V (2005). "Coley's toxin revisited: immunotherapy or plasminogen activator therapy of cancer?". J Thromb Haemost. 3 (3): 424–7. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01110.x. PMID 15748226. S2CID 37089721.
  30. ^ Haux J (2001). "Infection and cancer". Lancet. 358 (9276): 155–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05369-7. PMID 11469250. S2CID 26865958.
  31. ^ Hussein EA, el Dorri A (1993). "Intra-arterial streptokinase as adjuvant therapy for complicated Buerger's disease: early trials". International Surgery. 78 (1): 54–8. PMID 8473086.
  32. ^ Borrell, Brendan (2008-02-18). "Cancer and the bacterial connection". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  33. ^ "Waisbren Clinic – Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  34. ^ New York Times: article on Pfizer and Coley Pharmaceutical Group, 5 October 2005
  35. ^ news-medical.net: Pfizer to acquire Coley Pharmaceutical Group, 19 November 2007
  36. ^ Göhring, E (1985). "Fiebertherapie bei Krebs vernachlässigt" (PDF). Ärztl. Praxis. 86: 3377. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
  37. ^ McCarthy, EF (2006). "The Toxins of William B. Coley and the Treatment of Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas". The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 26: 154–8. PMC 1888599. PMID 16789469.
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Hospitals

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Companies

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Scientific reviews

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