The climate of Miami is classified as having a tropical monsoon climate with hot and humid summers; short, warm winters; and a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate.
With January averaging 69.2 °F (20.7 °C), winter features warm temperatures; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front, which produces much of the little amount of rainfall. Lows sometimes fall to or below 50 °F (10 °C), with an average 3 such occurrences annually,[1] but rarely 40 °F (4 °C); from 1981 to 2010, temperatures reached that level in only eight calendar years.[2] Highs generally reach 70 °F (21 °C) or higher, and fail to do so on only an average of 12 days annually.
The wet season usually begins during the month of May and continues through mid-October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but conditions still remain very muggy. Much of the year's 61.9 inches (1,570 mm) of rainfall occurs during this period. Extreme temperatures range from 27 F[3] on February 3, 1917,[4] to 100 °F on July 21, 1942, (−2.8 to 38 °C), the only triple-digit (°F) reading on record;[5] the more recent freezing temperature seen at Miami International Airport was on December 25, 1989.[6] The highest daily minimum temperature is 84 °F (29 °C) on August 4, 1993 and September 7, 1897 (although the corresponding record for Miami Beach is 90 °F or 32 °C on July 17, 2001), and conversely, the lowest daily maximum temperature is 45 °F (7 °C) on February 19, 1900.
While Miami has never officially recorded any accumulating snowfall since records have been kept, there were non-accumulating snow flurries in some parts of the city on January 19, 1977 during the cold wave of January 1977.[7][8][9] Weather conditions for the area around Miami were recorded sporadically from 1839 until 1900, with many years-long gaps. A cooperative temperature and rainfall recording site was established in December 1900 in what is now Downtown Miami. An official Weather Bureau Office opened in Miami in June 1911.[10] A record setting 12-day cold snap in January 2010 was the coldest period since at least the 1940s.[11]
Miami receives abundant rainfall, one of the highest among major cities in the United States. Most of this rainfall occurs from mid-May through early October. Miami has an average annual rainfall of 61.9 inches (1,570 mm), whereas nearby Fort Lauderdale and Miami Beach receive 66.5 inches (1,690 mm) and 51.7 inches (1,310 mm), respectively, which demonstrates the high local variability in rainfall rates.[6]
Miami reports more thunderstorms than most US cities, with about eighty days per year having thunder reported. These storms are often strong, with frequent lightning and very heavy rain. Occasionally, they can be severe with damaging straight line winds and large hail. Tornadoes and waterspouts sometimes occur, although violent tornadoes of the type seen in other parts of the United States are rare in Florida.
During El Niño events, Miami becomes cooler than normal during the dry season with above average precipitation. During La Niña, Miami becomes warmer and drier than normal.
While the climate for much Florida is humid subtropical, South Florida qualifies as one of several tropical classifications (Köppen Aw, As, Am, or Af). Southeastern Florida falls into USDA zone 10b to 11b for plant hardiness,[12] where annual extreme low temperatures range from 30 to 40 °F (−1 to 4 °C), versus zone 9 in Central Florida, and zone 8 in northern Florida.[13] With global warming, the urban heat island effect, as well as Biscayne Bay as a buffer, the waterside downtown area and the barrier islands including Miami Beach made it into hardiness zone 11a by 2012.[14] Miami Beach has virtually no freezing weather in its history and few instances of sub-40 °F (4 °C) weather.[15][1]
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Data
edit
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °F (°C) | 88 (31) |
89 (32) |
93 (34) |
97 (36) |
98 (37) |
98 (37) |
100 (38) |
98 (37) |
97 (36) |
95 (35) |
91 (33) |
89 (32) |
100 (38) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 84.4 (29.1) |
85.8 (29.9) |
89.0 (31.7) |
90.7 (32.6) |
92.8 (33.8) |
94.2 (34.6) |
94.7 (34.8) |
94.5 (34.7) |
93.2 (34.0) |
90.9 (32.7) |
87.0 (30.6) |
84.9 (29.4) |
95.8 (35.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 76.2 (24.6) |
78.2 (25.7) |
80.6 (27.0) |
83.6 (28.7) |
86.7 (30.4) |
89.3 (31.8) |
90.6 (32.6) |
90.7 (32.6) |
89.0 (31.7) |
85.9 (29.9) |
81.3 (27.4) |
78.2 (25.7) |
84.2 (29.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 68.6 (20.3) |
70.7 (21.5) |
73.1 (22.8) |
76.7 (24.8) |
80.1 (26.7) |
82.8 (28.2) |
84.1 (28.9) |
84.2 (29.0) |
83.0 (28.3) |
80.1 (26.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
71.2 (21.8) |
77.4 (25.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 61.0 (16.1) |
63.2 (17.3) |
65.6 (18.7) |
69.8 (21.0) |
73.4 (23.0) |
76.3 (24.6) |
77.5 (25.3) |
77.7 (25.4) |
76.9 (24.9) |
74.2 (23.4) |
68.3 (20.2) |
64.3 (17.9) |
70.7 (21.5) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 45.1 (7.3) |
48.5 (9.2) |
52.3 (11.3) |
59.6 (15.3) |
66.7 (19.3) |
71.5 (21.9) |
72.5 (22.5) |
72.8 (22.7) |
72.7 (22.6) |
65.0 (18.3) |
55.7 (13.2) |
49.7 (9.8) |
42.5 (5.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 28 (−2) |
27 (−3) |
32 (0) |
39 (4) |
50 (10) |
60 (16) |
66 (19) |
67 (19) |
62 (17) |
45 (7) |
36 (2) |
30 (−1) |
27 (−3) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.83 (46) |
2.15 (55) |
2.46 (62) |
3.36 (85) |
6.32 (161) |
10.51 (267) |
7.36 (187) |
9.58 (243) |
10.22 (260) |
7.65 (194) |
3.53 (90) |
2.44 (62) |
67.41 (1,712) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 10.8 | 17.6 | 17.3 | 19.4 | 18.1 | 13.8 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 141.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72.7 | 70.9 | 69.5 | 67.3 | 71.6 | 76.2 | 74.8 | 76.2 | 77.8 | 74.9 | 73.8 | 72.5 | 73.2 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 57.6 (14.2) |
57.6 (14.2) |
60.4 (15.8) |
62.6 (17.0) |
67.6 (19.8) |
72.0 (22.2) |
73.0 (22.8) |
73.8 (23.2) |
73.2 (22.9) |
68.7 (20.4) |
63.9 (17.7) |
59.2 (15.1) |
65.8 (18.8) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 219.8 | 216.9 | 277.2 | 293.8 | 301.3 | 288.7 | 308.7 | 288.3 | 262.2 | 260.2 | 220.8 | 216.1 | 3,154 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 66 | 69 | 75 | 77 | 72 | 70 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 68 | 66 | 71 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 5.1 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 8.2 |
| Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990),[6][16][17] The Weather Channel[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022),[19] Thunderstorm days (1961 to 1990)[20] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Miami Beach, 1991−2020 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 87 (31) |
89 (32) |
92 (33) |
94 (34) |
98 (37) |
97 (36) |
98 (37) |
98 (37) |
96 (36) |
95 (35) |
92 (33) |
86 (30) |
98 (37) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 73.6 (23.1) |
74.8 (23.8) |
76.5 (24.7) |
79.6 (26.4) |
82.7 (28.2) |
86.0 (30.0) |
87.8 (31.0) |
88.1 (31.2) |
87.0 (30.6) |
83.7 (28.7) |
78.9 (26.1) |
76.1 (24.5) |
81.2 (27.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 67.4 (19.7) |
69.0 (20.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
74.7 (23.7) |
78.2 (25.7) |
81.3 (27.4) |
82.9 (28.3) |
83.1 (28.4) |
82.1 (27.8) |
79.0 (26.1) |
73.8 (23.2) |
70.3 (21.3) |
76.1 (24.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 61.2 (16.2) |
63.3 (17.4) |
65.2 (18.4) |
69.8 (21.0) |
73.6 (23.1) |
76.5 (24.7) |
78.0 (25.6) |
78.1 (25.6) |
77.2 (25.1) |
74.4 (23.6) |
68.6 (20.3) |
64.6 (18.1) |
70.9 (21.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 32 (0) |
37 (3) |
32 (0) |
46 (8) |
58 (14) |
65 (18) |
66 (19) |
67 (19) |
67 (19) |
54 (12) |
39 (4) |
32 (0) |
32 (0) |
| Average rainfall inches (mm) | 2.33 (59) |
2.27 (58) |
2.47 (63) |
3.44 (87) |
4.94 (125) |
7.76 (197) |
5.98 (152) |
7.51 (191) |
8.45 (215) |
6.49 (165) |
3.29 (84) |
2.25 (57) |
57.18 (1,453) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 14.5 | 12.1 | 14.0 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 116.2 |
| Source: NOAA (extremes 1927−present)[6] | |||||||||||||
This chart shows the average coastal ocean water temperature by month in degrees Fahrenheit for Miami Beach based on historical[when?] measurements.[21]
| January | February | March | April 1−15 | April 16−30 | May 1−15 | May 16−31 | June 1−15 | June 16−30 | July 1−15 | July 16−31 | August 1−15 | August 16−31 | September 1−15 | September 16−30 | October 1−15 | October 16−31 | November | December |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 71 °F (22 °C) | 73 °F (23 °C) | 75 °F (24 °C) | 78 °F (26 °C) | 78 °F (26 °C) | 80 °F (27 °C) | 81 °F (27 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 85 °F (29 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C) | 86 °F (30 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 84 °F (29 °C) | 83 °F (28 °C) | 83 °F (28 °C) | 79 °F (26 °C) | 76 °F (24 °C) | 73 °F (23 °C) |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Hurricanes
editThe Atlantic hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop beyond those dates. The most likely time for Miami to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season which is mid-August through the end of September.[22] Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity, Miami is also statistically the most likely major city in the world to be struck by a hurricane, trailed closely by Nassau, Bahamas, and Havana, Cuba.
Despite this, the City of Miami has not been directly hit by the eye of a hurricane since Hurricane Cleo in 1964.[23] However, many other hurricanes have affected the city, namely the Great Miami Hurricane in 1926, Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, and Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, and Hurricane Irma in 2017. At least 35 direct and 26 indirect deaths in Florida were attributed to Wilma. Additionally throughout Florida, at least 84 people died in storm-related incidents as a result of Irma.[citation needed]
In addition, a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city, causing record rainfall and flooding. The storm was labeled locally as the No Name Storm of 2000, though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean.[citation needed]
A hurricane, known as the "Great Miami Hurricane of 1926," caused catastrophic damage to the heavily developed Miami and Miami Beach area. Hurricane Betsy passed over Key Largo, south of the city, but did cause hurricane-force winds and very heavy rainfall there. Hurricane Andrew in 1992 also struck south of city and caused extensive damage and flooding in the Homestead area suburbs. Hurricane Wilma in 2005 caused severe damage to many high-rise buildings in the downtown area as it broke many windows out, which in turn caused bad water damage on the insides of the buildings. It also caused at least 35 direct and 26 indirect fatalities in Florida.[citation needed]
Miami has been identified as one of three cities in the United States most vulnerable to hurricanes, mainly due to its location and it being surrounded by ocean and low-lying coastal plains, the other two cities being New Orleans and Houston.[24]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Miami were kept at the Lemon City from September 1895 to November 1900, the Miami COOP from December 1900 to May 1911, the Weather Bureau Office from June 1911 to February 1937, at various locations in and around the city from March 1937 to July 1942, and at Miami Int'l since August 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx.
References
edit- ^ a b "Station Name: FL MIAMI INTL AP". NOAA. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
- ^ "Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport Equals All Time High Temperature Record June 22; Daily Records Fall at Miami and West Palm Beach" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Almanac for Miami, FL". Miami Herald Weather. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
- ^ David Fairchild (October 1, 1918). "Cold Resistance of a Hybrid Anona" (PDF). USDA National Plant Germplasm System. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Highest and Lowest Temperature of Record". National Weather Service.
- ^ a b c d "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
- ^ "Maine shivers at -29: Snow falls in Florida". Associated Press. The Baltimore Sun. January 20, 1977. p. A1. "Temperatures dipped into the 30s in southern Florida, with snow flurries reported even in Miami Beach."
- ^ Lardner Jr., George; Meyers, Robert. "Miami Is Hit by First Recorded Snow: State of Emergency Is Eyed for Virginia Thousands Idled as Cold Closes Factories, Businesses". The Washington Post. January 20, 1977. p. A1. The meandering jet stream in the upper atmosphere sent flurries of genuine snow onto Miami's palm trees. ... It was the farthest south that snow has been reported in the United States since the record books were started in the 19th century. ... The snow flurries in Miami will be only an asterisk in the record books since they didn't fall on any of the National Weather Service's recording stations in the area, but they were genuine."
- ^ Khiss, Peter. "New York High is 26 as the South Shivers: Florida Snow Causes Emergency Gas Shortage Widespread". The New York Times. January 20, 1977. p. 1. "Florida officially recorded snow for the first time yesterday in Palm Beach County, 65 miles north of Miami, and even that city had flurries, although not at the official stations at its airport or nearby Coral Gables."
- ^ "History of National Weather Service Forecast Office-Miami, Florida". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ^ "Summary of Historic Cold Episode of January 2010 Coldest 12-day Period Since At Least 1940" (PDF). NOAA. January 14, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- ^ Kridler, Chris (5 March 2011). "Freeze-frazzled Brevard County gardeners seek hardier plants". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1D. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
- ^ "About - Maps & Gardening". United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Interactive Florida 2012 USDA Plant Zone Hardiness map". Plantmaps. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Miami, FL 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Miami International Airport". The Weather Channel. October 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
- ^ "Historical UV Index Data - Miami, FL". UV Index Today. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
- ^ "Number Days with Thunder". UNdata. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ Charles Sun. "US NODC Coastal Water Temperature Guide". Nodc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
- ^ "Vulnerable cities: Miami, Florida". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2006-02-19.
- ^ "Miami, Florida's history with tropical systems". Hurricane City. Retrieved 2006-02-19.
- ^ Tidwell, Mike (2006). The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-9470-X.