Wikipedia

Clark Atlanta University

Clark Atlanta University (CAU or Clark Atlanta) is a private, Methodist, historically black research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Clark Atlanta is the first Historically Black College or University (HBCU) in the Southern United States. Founded on September 19, 1865, as Atlanta University, it consolidated with Clark College (established 1869) to form Clark Atlanta University in 1988. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[9]

Clark Atlanta University
Motto"I'll Find a Way or Make One" (Atlanta University); "Culture for Service" (Clark College)[1]
TypePrivate historically black[2] research university
EstablishedSeptember 19, 1865; 159 years ago (1865-09-19)
Religious affiliation
United Methodist Church
Academic affiliation
Endowment$102.4 million (2021)[3]
PresidentGeorge T. French Jr.[4]
Students4,135 (Fall 2023)[5]
Undergraduates3,495
Postgraduates640
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
,
U.S.

33°45′3″N 84°24′37″W / 33.75083°N 84.41028°W / 33.75083; -84.41028
CampusUrban, 126 acres (0.5 km2)
NewspaperThe CAU Panther[6]
Colors    Red, black, gray[7]
NicknamePanthers[8]
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division II, Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[8]
MascotPanther
Websitecau.edu

History

edit

Atlanta University was founded on September 19, 1865, as the first HBCU in the Southern United States. Atlanta University was the nation's first graduate institution to award degrees to African Americans in the Nation and the first to award bachelor's degrees to African Americans in the South; Clark College (1869) was the nation's first four-year liberal arts college to serve African-American students. The two consolidated in 1988 to form Clark Atlanta University.

Atlanta University

edit

In the city of Atlanta, while the Civil War was well underway, two literate African American ex-slaves, James Tate and Grandison B. Daniels, in 1862 established the first school in Atlanta for African American children. It was located on the corner of Courtland and Jenkins Streets in an old church building of Friendship Baptist Church, the original home of First Baptist Church. Tate and Daniels, along with 25 other former slaves, founded Friendship Baptist Church, the first black Baptist autonomous congregation. They began holding classes in an old church building built in 1848. The building was badly damaged during the Siege of Atlanta in 1864. The school would later become Atlanta University in September 1865.

When white missionary Reverend Frederick Ayer, along with his wife, arrived in Atlanta in November 1865 under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, the AMA church purchased a boxcar for $310 (~$6,170 in 2023) in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and sent it to Friendship by the Ninth Street Baptist Church of Cincinnati, Ohio. The modest space of the boxcar served two purposes: a new teaching space for Atlanta University and a meeting space for the Friendship Church congregation. Tate and Daniels readily transferred their responsibilities to Ayer, who was better prepared to lead the educational effort, in 1865.[10][11][12]

Atlanta University was founded on September 19, 1865,[13] by James Tate and Grandison Daniels.[14] Two years later, Edmund Asa Ware of the American Missionary Association was appointed the first president.[15][16] Atlanta University was chartered in 1867 with the assistance from Oliver Otis Howard of the Freedmen's Bureau. He also appointed William J. White as educational agent of the Freedmen's Bureau on January 12, 1867. White was the half-brother of founder James Tate and was the co-founder of the Augusta Institute in 1867, which would become Morehouse College. He served as trustee of Atlanta University in 1869.

Atlanta University—now Clark Atlanta University—is the first HBCU in the Southern United States, and the nation's oldest graduate institution serving a predominantly African-American student body. It was chartered on October 17, 1867.[17] It offered its first instruction at the postsecondary level in 1869. Its first graduating class was in 1873 (normal school for future teachers including women), and it awarded its first six bachelor's degrees in June 1876.[18]

Atlanta University was the first[clarification needed] to accept women, and the first HBCU to have a women's dormitory, North Hall, built in 1869. One woman earned a bachelor's degree from Atlanta University between 1876 and 1895. Seven women received bachelor's degrees from Atlanta University between 1895 and 1900.[19] Atlanta University awarded bachelor's degrees 53 years (1876–1929) before exclusively offering graduate degrees.[20][21]

A 1912 catalog shows that Atlanta University had three divisions—the college and the normal school, each with a preparatory division. Enrollment that year was 403-40 college students, 62 normal students, 115 high school students in the college prep program and 183 high school students in the normal program. At that time half of the Atlanta University alumni were employed in teaching. There were a group of small Black colleges in Atlanta – Atlanta, Morehouse, Spelman, Clark, Morris Brown and Gammon – each guarding its independence but each dependent on Northern philanthropy. By the end of World War I, the Northern philanthropists were demanding mergers to improve educational quality. 1929 saw the creation of the Atlanta University Affiliation, in which Atlanta University took on a new role as the graduate school, with Morehouse and Spelman as undergraduate colleges. Before World War II, the Affiliation came to include other Black colleges in Atlanta. By 1988, Atlanta University merged with Clark College, becoming Clark Atlanta University on July 1, 1988.

North Hall – now Gaines Hall (Morris Brown College)
Atlanta University began on West Mitchell, about a mile from downtown Atlanta. Built in 1869 by architect William H. Parkins, North Hall, now Gaines Hall, marked the first female dormitory on the campus of a co-ed school in the United States. Gaines Hall stood as Atlanta University's initial original building. A year later, South Hall opened for boys. Wings were added to each in 1871 and 1880. In 1882, Stone Hall opened as the main building, containing the chapel, lecture halls, recitation rooms, laboratories and administrative offices. By 1905 four more permanent buildings had been added, including a Carnegie Library. North Hall is the middle building, flanked by South Hall (left) and North Hall. South Hall was later demolished by Morris Brown College. A fire in mid-August 2015 threatened to raze the building completely. In October 2017, a court ruling returned the property to Clark Atlanta University.

 
Stone Hall, c. 1910

Stone Hall – now Fountain Hall (Morris Brown College)
Erected in 1882 on the crest of Diamond Hill on the Morris Brown College campus, Fountain Hall is one of the earlier structures for the original site of Atlanta University. Historically, the hall is significant to the city, state, and nation for its role in providing higher education to Blacks in this country. It was for this reason that Fountain Hall was made a National Historic Landmark in 1975. Architecturally, this building is important as a work of G. L. Norrman. This Atlanta architect was active during the late nineteenth and very early twentieth centuries, but few of his works have survived. The three-story, red brick structure is also an excellent example of the High Victorian style, its clock tower a rare sight in Atlanta. Over its 138-year history, Fountain Hall has served as the location for administrative offices, as well as a number of other university activities, contributing greatly to the cultural fabric of the city through the education of its citizens.

From its construction in 1882 until 1929, Fountain Hall primarily functioned as the administration building for Atlanta University, though it contained a chapel, library, recitation rooms, and laboratories during various times in its history. It served in a similar capacity for Morris Brown College for many years. Currently, the structure contains offices, a chapel, art studios, and a gallery. Fountain Hall has been a gathering place and focus of activity in the education process of many of the mostly Black Americans attending the university and college since its construction. Because of the building's location, Fountain Hall can be seen from some distance and has long served as an impressive and identifying landmark for the historic Atlanta University Center.

In the early 1930s, Morris Brown College was in financial trouble and was forced to give up its property at Houston and Boulevard. Since its affiliation with Spelman and Morehouse, Atlanta University was no longer using several of its original buildings. In 1932, Bishop W. A. Fountain, former college president and then chairman of the Board of Trustees, and his son, W. A. Fountain, Jr., President of Morris Brown, negotiated for the college to become part of the university system and lease some of the vacant buildings on the old campus. After this, Stone Hall became known as Fountain Hall, named for Bishop William A. Fountain. In the 1929, the college deeded the buildings, establishing a permanent home for Morris Brown College.[22]

The Atlanta University campus was moved to its present site, and the modern organization of the Atlanta University Center emerged, with Clark College, Morris Brown College, and the Interdenominational Theological Center joining the affiliation later. The story of the Atlanta University over the next twenty years after 1930 includes many significant developments. Graduate Schools of Library Science,[23] Education, and Business Administration were established in 1941, 1944, and 1946, respectively. The Atlanta School of Social Work, long associated with the university, gave up its charter in 1947 to become an integral part of the university. In 1957, the controlling boards of the six institutions (Atlanta University; Clark, Morehouse, Morris Brown and Spelman Colleges; and Gammon Theological Seminary) ratified new articles of affiliation. The new contract created the Atlanta University Center. The influence of Atlanta University has been extended through professional journals and organizations, including Phylon, and through the work of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, a member of the center.

The significance of Atlanta University Center rests in the quality of its leaders, faculty, and graduates. Edmund Asa Ware was Atlanta University's spiritual and intellectual father. His dedication to academic excellence and rejection of racial inferiority influenced other black colleges and American education in general. John Hope, former Morehouse president and Atlanta University's first black president, is noted in every history of American education during the first half of this century. Atlanta University's most famous faculty member (1897–1910) was W. E. B. DuBois, who began the Atlanta Studies on Negro Sociology and later became the director of publications for the NAACP.

The influential Atlanta Sociological Laboratory was founded at Atlanta University in 1895.

Clark College

edit

Clark College was founded in 1869 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, which later became the United Methodist Church as the nation's first four-year liberal arts college to serve the primarily African-American student population. Originally named Clark University, the school was chartered and incorporated in 1877. It first offered instruction at the postsecondary level in 1879, and awarded its first degree (baccalaureate) in 1880. It became Clark College in 1940.[24][25] It was named for Bishop Davis Wasgatt Clark, who was the first President of the Freedman's Aid Society and became Bishop in 1864. A sparsely furnished room in Clark Chapel, a Methodist Episcopal church in Atlanta's Summerhill section, housed the first Clark College class. In 1871, the school relocated to a new site on the newly purchased Whitehall and McDaniel Street property. In 1877, the School was chartered as Clark University.

 
Clark Atlanta University sign

An early benefactor, Bishop Gilbert Haven, visualized Clark as the "university" of all the Methodist schools founded for the education of freedmen. After the school changed locations several times, Bishop Haven, who succeeded Bishop Clark, was instrumental in acquiring 450 acres (1.8 km2) in South Atlanta, where in 1880 the school conferred its first degree. In 1883, Clark established a theology department named for Dr. Elijah H. Gammon. In 1888 the Gammon School of Theology became an independent theological seminary, and is currently part of the Interdenominational Theological Center. Clark College merged with Atlanta University on July 1, 1988, to form Clark Atlanta University.

Philanthropy

edit

In December 2020, MacKenzie Scott donated $15 million (~$17.4 million in 2023) to Clark Atlanta University. Her donation is the largest single gift in the history of the institution.[26]

In September 2021, Clark Atlanta launched a 10-year $250 million capital campaign to raise scholarhips funds for more low-income students, advance research and teaching efforts, improve infrastructure and technology on campus, and to establish more endowment chairs and professorships.[27][28]

Presidents

edit
Main article: List of presidents of Clark Atlanta University

Clark Atlanta University's current president is George T. French Jr., who started in the role in 2019.[4] He was preceded by Lucille H. Maugé, as acting president.[29]

Campus

edit
 
Bust of W.E.B. DuBois by Ayokunle Odeleye at Clark Atlanta University

Clark Atlanta University's main campus houses 37 buildings, including an art museum,[30] on 126 acres (0.5 km2) and is 1.4 miles (2.3 km) southwest of Downtown Atlanta.

Residential facilities

edit

All undergraduate students with under 58 credits hours are required to live on campus.[31]

Academic rankings
National
U.S. News & World Report[32]361
Washington Monthly[34]161[33]

Academics

edit

Clark Atlanta offers undergraduate and graduate degrees through the following schools:

  • School of Arts & Science
  • School of Business
  • School of Education
  • School of Social Work

Clark Atlanta is the most comprehensive institution in the Atlanta University Center, offering over 40 degrees at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels.

Clark Atlanta is annually ranked on the list of The Washington Monthly "Best Colleges and Universities" and consistently ranked a top 25 HBCU by U.S. News & World Report (No. 21).[35]

Clark Atlanta's social work graduate program consistently ranks among the 100 best in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.[36]

Clark Atlanta's Center for Functional Nanoscale Measures (CFNM) has produced more black Ph.D.s in Nanoscale Science than any HBCU in the nation.[37]

The Isabella T. Jenkins Honors Program is a selective academic program established to provide a close-knit and uniquely stimulating community for high-achieving undergraduates at Clark Atlanta.[38]

Student life

edit

Student body

edit

Annually between 30 and 40% of students are Georgia residents, while the remaining come from outside Georgia.[39] Approximately 25% of students are male and 75% are female.[39] In 2018, 89% of students identified as African-American/Black, 7% identified as other/unknown, and 4% identified as international.[40] 95% of first-year students receive need-based financial aid. The average need-based scholarships or grants awarded to first-year students is $5,713.[41]

CAU Experience

edit

All new undergraduate students are required to attend "CAU Experience," five days of events orchestrated to acquaint them with the legacy, culture, and community of Clark Atlanta University. The preeminent scheduled event is the ceremony in which new undergraduate students are officially inducted as CAU Panthers.[42]

Athletics

edit
 
Panther Stadium

Clark Atlanta University, known athletically as the Panthers, competes within the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Division II. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football and track & field; women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Marching band

edit

The university's marching band is known as the Mighty Marching Panther Band.

National fraternities and sororities

edit

All nine of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations have chapters established at Clark Atlanta University. About two percent of undergraduate men and three percent of undergraduate women are active in CAU's National Pan-Hellenic Council.[43]

Notable alumni

edit
See also: Category:Clark Atlanta University alumni
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of notable alumni which includes graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Atlanta University, Clark College, Clark University, and/or Clark Atlanta University. It does not include other notable persons who may have attended Clark Atlanta University as cross-registered students (credit as an alumnus is not given to Clark Atlanta University, which has spurred controversy over the school's cross-registration policies).

Name Class year Notability Reference(s)
Ralph Abernathy 1951 civil rights activist [44]
Marvin S. Arrington, Sr. 1963 politician and first black graduate of Emory University School of Law [45]
Carolyn Long Banks 1962 First black woman to sit on the Atlanta City Council [46]
Ajamu Baraka Human rights activist and 2016 Green Party vice presidential nominee [47]
Brenda S. Banks 1982 archivist [48]
Bryan Barber 1996 film director [49]
Kenya Barris 1996 television producer [50]
Hamilton Bohannon Songwriter and record producer
Joseph Bouie Jr. politician and university administrator [51]
Ruby Chappelle Boyd 1943 librarian [52]
James Albert Bray 1893 C.M.E. Bishop, educator, academic administrator [53]
Melanie L. Campbell 1983 Voting rights activist [54]
Wayman Carver composer
Theresa Chapple epidemiologist [55]
Pearl Cleage author [56]
Pinky Cole 2009 restaurateur [57]
Aki Collins 1997 Assistant coach with the Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team [58]
Marva Collins 1957 educator [1]
Clarence Cooper 1964 Federal judge [59]
Bryan-Michael Cox record producer and songwriter [60]
N'Dea Davenport singer [61]
Amanda Davis news anchor [62]
James Dean 1966 & 1968 American social worker and politician [63]
DJ Drama 2000 Music producer
Mary Frances Early 1957 First African-American graduate of the University of Georgia [64][65]
James Felder 1961 civil rights activist [66]
Henry O. Flipper First black graduate of West Point [67]
C. Hartley Grattan 1923 Economist, historian [68]
Grace Towns Hamilton 1927 First African American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly [69]
William Leo Hansberry 1921 scholar [70]
James A. Hefner 1962 Economist
Fletcher Henderson 1920 pianist, band leader and composer [71]
Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne 1881 Black suffragist, civil rights activist, and Atlanta socialite [72]
Alexander Jefferson 1942 Retired US Air Force Lieutenant Colonel and a member of the Tuskegee Airmen [73]
Robert R. Jennings university administrator
Curtis Johnson 2008 Former NFL linebacker
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson 1976 U.S. Congressman [74]
James Weldon Johnson 1904 Noted author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter and civil rights activist; writer of the poem "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing", widely known as the "Negro National Anthem" [56]
Otis Johnson 1969 Mayor of Savannah, Georgia [75]
Bomani Jones 2001 Sportswriter, co-host of Highly Questionable
Dewey W. Knight, Jr. 1957 department director [1]
Walt Landers Former NFL player
Lucy Craft Laney educator
Kenny Leon 1978 film director [56]
Emmanuel Lewis 1997 Actor
Martha S. Lewis Government official in New York City and state [76]
Barbara Lewis King 1957 Founder of the Hillside Chapel and Truth Center; played an important role in the African American church and community [77]
Nnegest Likke Movie director and screenwriter
Evelyn G. Lowery civil rights activist
Mase rapper
Greg McCrary football player
Mary Jackson McCrorey educator, mission worker [78]
New Jack Professional wrestler
Isaiah DeQuincey Newman State field director, South Carolina NAACP, first African American elected to the South Carolina Senate after Reconstruction
Phuthuma Nhleko CEO of the MTN Group
Major Owens Librarian, U.S. Congressman (New York)
Dinah Watts Pace 1883 Educator [79]
Harry Pace 1903 African-American recording pioneer, founder of Black Swan Records, Insurance executive [80]
Duke Pearson pianist and composer
Eva Pigford Model/actress
Rachel E. Pruden-Herndon judge and attorney; first African-American woman admitted to the Georgia Bar [81]
Jacque Reid 1995 Journalist
Jo Ann Robinson 1948 Civil rights activist
Lamont Robinson 2004 Illinois House 5th district State Representative [82]
Pernessa C. Seele Immunologist; CEO and founder of Balm in Gilead, Inc. [83]
Amy Sherald 1997 artist [84]
C. Lamont Smith Sports agent; founder and president of All Pro Sports and Entertainment
Marilyn Strickland 1992 U.S. Congresswoman, Washington's 10th District; first Korean-American woman elected to Congress in its 230-year history [85]
Morris Stroud 1969 Former professional football player
Bazoline Estelle Usher 1906, 1937 Educator, Georgia Woman of Achievement [86]
Bobby V 2004 Singer, born Bobby Wilson
Walshy Fire DJ, producer and member of Major Lazer
Horace T. Ward judge [56]
Walter Francis White 1916 NAACP leader
Hosea Williams civil rights activist [87]
Madaline A. Williams First black woman elected to the New Jersey state legislature [88]
Louis Tompkins Wright surgeon [56]
Richard R. Wright 1876 Paymaster in the U.S. Army [89]
Ella Gaines Yates librarian

Notable faculty and administrators

edit
Name Department Notability Reference
Ariel Serena Hedges Bowen Music Professor
Enos Luther Brookes Chemistry Head of Science Department [90]
Robert D. Bullard Sociology Ware Professor of Sociology, Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center [91]
Wayman Carver Music Jazz flute and saxophone player) [92]
Pearlie Craft Dove Education Educator, philanthropist, and community service activist [93]
W.E.B. Du Bois Sociology author and civil rights activist [94]
Mary Frances Early Music First African American graduate of the University of Georgia [95]
Virginia Lacy Jones librarian
Shelby F. Lewis Political science [96]
Whitman Mayo Drama Professor
Alfred Msezane Physics Professor [97]
Ira De Augustine Reid Sociology Professor and Chair of the Sociology Department
Henry Ossawa Tanner painter [98]
Donda West English Mother of rapper Kanye West
J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. Mathematician and nuclear scientist
Whitney M. Young Jr. Executive Director of the National Urban League

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Clark Atlanta University". Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  2. ^ "List of HBCUs – White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". August 16, 2007. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  3. ^ "Ranking" (PDF). www.cau.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  4. ^ a b "Clark Atlanta University Welcomes Its New Leader". Clark Atlanta University (Press release). 1 September 2019.
  5. ^ https://www.cau.edu/opar/institutional-research/Enrollment-Report_Fall-2021--20231.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  6. ^ "HOME".
  7. ^ "Logo Information". Clark Atlanta University. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Men's Basketball Facts". Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  9. ^ "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  10. ^ Ga Tech. "Booker T. Washington High School: Education Flagship for the People".
  11. ^ Bacote, Clarence A (1969). "The Story of Atlanta University: A Century of Service, 1865–1965".
  12. ^ Tech, Georgia (2020). "Friendship Baptist Church: A Commitment for the Ages".
  13. ^ Carrillo, Karen Juanita (2012). African American History Day by Day – A Reference Guide To Events. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-361-3.
  14. ^ Selcer, Richard S. (2006). Civil War America, 1850 To 1875. Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-0797-4.
  15. ^ Selcer, Richard F. (2006). Civil War 1850–1875. Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-0797-4.
  16. ^ Tech, Georgia (2020). "Booker T. Washington High School: Education Flagship for the People".
  17. ^ DeBoer, Clara Merritt (2016). His Truth Is Marching On – African Americans Who Taught the Freedom for the American Missionary Association, 1861–1877. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-40832-3.
  18. ^ Elmore, Charles J. (2005). "Savannah State University – Education & History".
  19. ^ Wilson, Francille Rusan (2006). The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientist and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890–1950. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2550-9.
  20. ^ Sullivan, Dr. Louis Wade (2014). Breaking Ground – My Life In Medicine. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4663-2.
  21. ^ Haber, Elizabeth (November 20, 2018). "Oakland Remembers World Was I. James Edward Tate, Jr".
  22. ^ City of Atlanta. "Fountain Hall". Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  23. ^ Mulligan, Risa L.(2006). The Closing of the Clark Atlanta University School of Library & Information Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  24. ^ "History". Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Clark University, 1879. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library. 1879. p. 21. hdl:20.500.12322/auc.004.cc.catalogs:0002. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  25. ^ Gruyter, Walter de (1992). American Universities and Colleges - Fourteenth Edition. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110850482.
  26. ^ "Clark Atlanta University Announces $15 Million Gift: Largest Individual Gift in University History". CISION PR Newswire. December 15, 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  27. ^ University, Clark Atlanta. "Clark Atlanta University Announces $250m Capital Campaign". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2024-06-08.
  28. ^ https://www.cau.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Campaign-at-a-Glance.docx-v2-2.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  29. ^ Suggs, Ernie. "Clark Atlanta University names Lucille H. Maugé acting president". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  30. ^ art museum
  31. ^ "Clark Atlanta University". Cau.edu. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  32. ^ "2024-2025 Best National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  33. ^ "2014 National Universities Rankings". Washington Monthly. n.d. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  34. ^ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  35. ^ "Historically Black Colleges and Universities Ranking". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  36. ^ "Ranking". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  37. ^ "Clark Atlanta University". Cau.edu. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  38. ^ "Clark Atlanta University". Cau.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  39. ^ a b "About CAU".
  40. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2020-06-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ^ https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/clark-atlanta-university-1551/paying [bare URL]
  42. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2017-02-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ^ "Clark Atlanta University | Clark Atlanta University | Student Life | US News Best Colleges". Archived from the original on 2017-05-18.
  44. ^ Kirkland, W. Michael (April 27, 2004). "Ralph Abernathy (1926–1990)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. Archived from the original on 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  45. ^ "The HistoryMakers". Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  46. ^ Badertscher, Nancy; Bunch, Riley (13 April 2023). "Carolyn Long Banks was an Atlanta trailblazer". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  47. ^ "Meet Ajamu Baraka: Green VP Candidate Aims to Continue the Legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois & Malcolm X". Democracynow.com.
  48. ^ "Brenda Banks obituary". Legacy.com.
  49. ^ Bryan Barber at IMDb
  50. ^ "Kenya Barris". HBCUDigest. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2015-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  51. ^ "Joseph Bouie, Jr". House.louisiana.gov. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  52. ^ "Boyd, Ruby Chappelle". Alpha Kappa Alpha. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  53. ^ Murphy, Larry G.; Melton, J. Gordon; Ward, Gary L. (2013-11-20). Encyclopedia of African American Religions. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-135-51338-2.
  54. ^ "Melanie L. Campbell". Women's Media Center. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  55. ^ Epidemiologist to be new director of the Oak Park Department of Public Health
  56. ^ a b c d e Clowney, Earle D. (August 24, 2004). "Clark Atlanta University". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  57. ^ Hill-Bond, Ann (10 January 2019). "Pinky Cole's 'Slutty Vegan' is vegan food meat eaters can love". Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  58. ^ "Aki Collins". Marquette University Athletics. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  59. ^ "History and Traditions - Emory University". Emoryhistory.emory.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  60. ^ "Amanda Davis". February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  61. ^ "N'Dea Davenport: Brand New Heavies Vocalist Talks Reunion". Theburtonwire.com. 2016-08-12. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  62. ^ "Amanda Davis". February 13, 2008. Archived from the original on April 27, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  63. ^ "James E. Dean, DeKalb's first black state legislator, remembered". issuu.com. CrossRoadsNews. 10 January 2015. p. 11. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  64. ^ "Photos: Naming Ceremony for the Mary Frances Early College of Education at UGA - Athens Banner-Herald - Athens, GA". Archived from the original on 2020-02-26.
  65. ^ "Mary Frances Early". Fox Television Stations, Inc. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2005.
  66. ^ Tailor, Tre (June 15, 2017). "James "Jim" Felder Oral History". South Carolina Department of Education. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  67. ^ "Second Lieutenant Hennry O. Flipper: First Black Graduate of West Point". U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  68. ^ "In Memoriam – C. Hartley Grattan". University of Texas. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  69. ^ Graham, Lawrence Otis (1999). Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class. Harper Perennial. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-06-098438-0.
  70. ^ "Leo Hansberry, Founder of Ethiopian Research Council at Tadias Magazine". Tadias.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  71. ^ Hill, Ian (December 20, 2005). "Fletcher Henderson (1897–1952)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  72. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (1992). "Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne (1865–1932)". Notable Black American Women. Vol. 2. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research. pp. 302–304. ISBN 978-0-8103-9177-2.
  73. ^ "Alexander Jefferson Biography". Thehistorymakers.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  74. ^ "Congressman Hank Johnson Georgia's Fourth Congressional District". Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  75. ^ "Biography – Who is Dr. Otis S. Johnson?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  76. ^ Lewis, Martha S., Obituary, Albany Times Union, found by searching Legacy.com Obituary web site. Accessed April 15, 2008.
  77. ^ Bishop Barbara L. King, founding pastor of Hillside International Truth Center, dies at 90 - Atlanta Journal Constitution, found by searching https://www.ajc.com/news/bishop-barbara-l-king-founding-pastor-of-hillside-international-truth-center-dies-at-90/W55VU6ZOUJHMJO6X2G4AUKF7FM/ Accessed October 16, 2020
  78. ^ Audrey Thomas McCluskey, A Forgotten Sisterhood: Pioneering Black Women Educators and Activists in the Jim Crow South (Rowman & Littlefield 2014): 43-44. ISBN 9781442211407
  79. ^ "Died". The Crisis. 40 (5). New York, New York: The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.: 19 May 1933. ISSN 1559-1573. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  80. ^ Harry Pace
  81. ^ Winslow Adams, Myron, ed. (1918). General Catalogue of Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia: 1867-1918. Atlanta University Press. p. 16. Retrieved 22 February 2020 – via Google Books.
  82. ^ "Illinois Primary Election Results". The New York Times. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  83. ^ "Pernessa C. Seele". Time. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  84. ^ "The life — and near-death — of Michelle Obama portrait artist Amy Sherald". Washington.com.
  85. ^ "Meet Marilyn". 3 January 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  86. ^ Lewis, David Levering (1994). W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868-1919: Biography of a Race. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-1-4668-4151-2. OCLC 872607522. Retrieved August 18, 2018 – via Google Books.
  87. ^ Clark Atlanta University from the New Georgia Encyclopedia Online (March 24, 2006)
  88. ^ "Mrs. Madaline A. Williams Dies". The New York Times. December 15, 1968. p. 86. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  89. ^ "New Georgia Encyclopedia". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
  90. ^ "E. Luther Brookes". Archived from the original on 19 September 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  91. ^ Dicum, Gregory (2006-03-15). "Meet Robert Bullard, the father of environmental justice". Grist.org. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  92. ^ "Collection: Wayman A. Carver papers | Archives Research Center". Findingaids.auctr.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  93. ^ "Collection: Pearlie Craft Dove papers | Archives Research Center". findingaids.auctr.edu. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  94. ^ Derrick P. Alridge: W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia from the New Georgia Encyclopedia Online (January 8, 2010)
  95. ^ "University of Georgia To Honor First Black Graduate". NPR.
  96. ^ "Institute for the Study of Minority Issues". Old Dominion University Libraries. 1990. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  97. ^ "Alfred Msezane". Thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  98. ^ "Henry Ossawa Tanner". Archived from the original on January 10, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2012.

Further reading

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clark Atlanta University.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Clark_Atlanta_University&oldid=1264182101"