Clara Stauffer (1904–October 4, 1984) was a Spanish Falangist and Nazi ratline operator. She was a member of the Sección Femenina, a women's Falangist group, during the Spanish Civil War. She served as its chief propagandist and later as its head of foreign affairs. She was involved with the group's efforts to strengthen ties between Francoist Spain and Nazi Germany in World War II. After the war, she was one of the most prominent smugglers of Nazi fugitives, giving them shelter in Spain and arranging their travel to Argentina.
Clara Stauffer | |
|---|---|
 Clara Stauffer (1931) | |
| Born | 1904 |
| Died | 4 October 1984 (aged 79–80) Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Organization | Sección Femenina |
| Movement | Falangism |
Early life and Spanish Civil War
editClara Stauffer was born in Madrid in 1904.[1] Her father was Konrad Stauffer, a German brewer that had taken charge of the Mahou brewery after he immigrated to Spain in 1889.[2] Her mother was Clara Sofía Loewe,[1] a member of the prominent Loewe family.[2] Stauffer spent some of her childhood in Germany,[3]: 133 while also spending time among Madrid's high society.[2] She was already a prominent figure in Madrid by 1931 due to her athletic accomplishments as one of the city's first female athletes,[2] where she excelled in swimming and skiing.[3]: 133 Stauffer won a swimming competition in 1931 by crossing the Peñalara lagoon in under two minutes,[1] and in 1938 she was the first woman to attempt the Flying Kilometer skiing race of St. Moritz. She failed to complete the latter event, but at one point achieved a speed of 65.59 miles per hour (105.56 km/h).[3]: 133 To maintain her athletic prowess, she insisted on walking wherever she traversed the city. Besides athletics, she was also multilingual and was able to play the piano.[2]
Stauffer moved back to Spain permanently in 1936.[3]: 133 She was a member of the Sección Femenina and a close ally of its leader Pilar Primo de Rivera.[4]: 182 During the Spanish Civil War, Stauffer worked as Sección Femenina's chief propagandist and was responsible for its press.[1][3]: 133 [4]: 46 She suggested "Auxilio Invierno" as the original name of the Nationalist charity organization during the Spanish Civil War, naming it after the Winterhilfe, both translating to "Winter Aid".[4]: 30 Stauffer supported far-right politics and political leaders, keeping large portraits of Francisco Franco, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini on the wall in her office.[4]: 46 The same year, she published a book about the Sección Femenina.[3]: 133
Nazi collaboration
editIn 1943, Stauffer accompanied Pilar Primo de Rivera to Germany on a mission to strengthen relations between Germany and Spain.[3]: 134 [4]: 182 On this trip, she met Nazi diplomat Wilhelm Faupel, among other high-ranking Nazis. Stauffer and Faupel are believed to have collaborated regularly after this, particularly in their work protecting Nazis.[3]: 134
After the end of World War II in Europe, Stauffer became a major figure in Spanish–German relief efforts, which she helped form alongside José Boos.[5][6]: 491 The Spanish government tacitly endorsed the operation but advised them not to heavily publicize or formalize their work.[6]: 491 Over the following years, she worked to hide and find employment for Nazis escaping to Spain, and she became involved with the ratlines that smuggled Nazis to Argentina.[5] Her work was primarily funded by Johannes Bernhardt, a German–Spanish businessman.[3]: 137
Much of her work involved securing the release of Nazis who were imprisoned in Spain, such as those at the Sobron internment camp, by taking charge of them in the capacity of a charitable organization.[3]: 137 [6]: 493 Stauffer's apartment became a hub for the smuggling effort and she kept numerous outfits to serve as disguises for Nazis.[1] Her supply was considerable; her nephew described each room as "filled with dozens of pairs of boots, shirts, jackets, trousers, socks and gloves".[3]: 136 She is estimated to have aided 800 Nazis in their escape to Spain,[7] including figures such as Léon Degrelle, Otto Skorzeny, and Adolf Eichmann.[1][2]
Stauffer's activities became publicly known on 23 January 1945, after British journalist Sefton Delmer published an interview with her in the Daily Express. The interview was allegedly about her work in assisting refugees, but it was coupled with an anonymous statement from a Nazi, signed "Rodak", explaining that her refugees were exclusively Nazis escaping from justice.[2] Two years later, her name was included on the Allied Control Council repatriation list of 104 individuals in Spain wanted for their involvement in Nazi crimes. She was the only woman on the list, and she was responsible for sheltering many of the others.[1] She maintained a working relationship with the Spanish government, which permitted her activities and prevented her extradition.[3]: 134 In 1948, Stauffer was afflicted with pleurisy, which was attributed to the constant working and traveling she engaged in as part of the ratline.[3]: 133
Death and legacy
editStauffer lived in Madrid for the rest of life, where she was a prominent member of the city's social life. She died in Madrid on 4 October 1984.[1] She was a main character in the historical fiction novel Los pacientes del doctor García by Almudena Grandes,[1][7] and she was portrayed by Eva Llorach in its television adaptation of the same name.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i García, Javier Martín (2 July 2020). "Clarita Stauffer, la dama que escondía nazis en España" [Clarita Stauffer, the lady who hid Nazis in Spain]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pereda, Marcos (17 February 2016). "Odessa en la Sierra Madrileña: la historia de Clara Stauffer". Contexto y Acción (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Walters, Guy (2010). Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. Crown. pp. 133–137. ISBN 978-0-307-59248-4.
- ^ a b c d e Bowen, Wayne H. (2000). Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6282-0.
- ^ a b Messenger, David A. (2011). "Beyond War Crimes: Denazification, 'Obnoxious' Germans and US Policy in Franco's Spain after the Second World War" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 20 (4): 473. doi:10.1017/S0960777311000488. ISSN 0960-7773. JSTOR 41238374. S2CID 159528003.
- ^ a b c Brenneis, Sara J.; Herrmann, Gina (2020). Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust: History and Representation. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-3251-2.
- ^ a b Constenla, Tereixa (27 August 2017). "Clarita y sus 800 nazis" [Clarita and her 800 Nazis]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Fanjul, Sergio C. (20 April 2023). "'Los pacientes del doctor García': la Guerra Civil verosímil pero fabulada". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2023.