Ciconia (/sɪˈkoʊ.ni.ə/ sih-KOH-nee-uh; Classical Latin: [kiˈkoː.ni.a]) is a genus of birds in the stork family. Six of the seven living species occur in the Old World, but the maguari stork has a South American range. In addition, fossils suggest that Ciconia storks were somewhat more common in the tropical Americas in prehistoric times.
| Ciconia Temporal range: Early Miocene to present
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|---|---|
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| Fledgling (left) and adult European white stork (Ciconia ciconia ciconia) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Ciconiiformes |
| Family: | Ciconiidae |
| Genus: | Ciconia Brisson, 1760 |
| Type species | |
| Ardea ciconia Linnaeus, 1758
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| Species | |
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Ciconia abdimii | |
| Synonyms | |
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Dissoura Euxenura Sphenorhynchus | |
The genus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) as the type species.[1][2] The genus name is the Latin word for "stork",[3] and was originally recorded in the works of Horace and Ovid.[4]
The Abdim's stork is the smallest of the family, but other species in the genus are generally medium-sized storks, with long legs and a long thick bill. The members of this genus are more variable in plumage than other stork genera, but all species are black (at least to the wings) and white (at least underparts or neck). Juveniles are a duller, browner version of the adult.
Depending on species, breeding can be in solitary pairs or colonies. Pairs usually stay together for life. They typically build large stick nests in trees, although the Abdim's stork sometimes will nest on cliffs, the maguari stork will nest on the ground and at least three species will construct their nests on human habitations. One of these, the white stork, is probably the best known of all storks, with a wealth of legend and folklore associated with this familiar summer visitor to Europe.
These storks feed on frogs, insects, fish, crustaceans, small birds, lizards and rodents. They fly with the neck outstretched, like most other storks, but unlike herons which retract their neck in flight.
The migratory species like the white stork and the black stork soar on broad wings and rely on thermals of hot air for sustained long distance flight. Since thermals only form over land, these storks, like large raptors, must cross the Mediterranean at the narrowest points, and many of these birds can be seen going through the Straits of Gibraltar and the Bosphorus on migration.
Species
editExtant species
editThe genus contains eight extant species:[5]
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdim's stork
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Ciconia abdimii Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823 |
Widespread in open habitats of Sub-Saharan Africa, and in Yemen. Breeds in northern half of range and spends non-breeding period in southern half
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Asian woolly-necked stork
|
Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Southern Asia, from Pakistan to Indonesia and the Philippines | Size: Habitat: Diet: |
NT
|
| Storm's stork
|
Ciconia stormi (Blasius, 1896) |
Borneo, Sumatra and the Thai-Malay Peninsula
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
EN
|
| Black stork
|
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Breeds from Eastern Asia (Siberia and northern China) west to Central and Southern Europe. Winters in South, Southeast and East Asia, and in tropical Africa. A resident (non-migratory) population in southern Africa
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Maguari stork
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Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, JF, 1789) |
Widespread in open wetland habitats in northern, central and southern South America
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| African woolly-necked stork
|
Ciconia microscelis GR Gray, 1848 |
tropical Africa | Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| White stork
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Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies
|
Breeds in Europe to central Asia, and in northern Africa. Winters in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Oriental stork
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Ciconia boyciana R. Swinhoe, 1873 |
Breeds in Russian Far East and northeast China. Winters in Japan, Korean Peninsula, east-central and southeast China, and Taiwan
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
EN
|
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Fossils
editThe fossil record of the genus is extensive, indicating that Ciconia storks were once more widespread than they are today. Although the known material tends to suggest that the genus evolved around the Atlantic, possibly in western Europe or Africa, the comparative lack of fossil sites in Asia makes this assumption not well-founded presently. All that can be said is that by the Early Pliocene, Ciconia was widespread at least all over the Northern Hemisphere.
Fossil members of the genus include:
- Ciconia louisebolesae (Early Miocene of Riversleigh, Australia)
- ?Ciconia minor (Early Miocene of Rusinga Island, Kenya)
- ?Ciconia sarmatica (Late Miocene of Credinţa, Romania)
- ?Ciconia gaudryi (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Pikermi, Greece)
- Ciconia sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, the United States)
- Ciconia sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, the United States)
- ?Ciconia kahli (Early Pliocene of South Africa)
- Ciconia lucida (Mongolian stork), (Middle Pliocene of Mongolia)
- Ciconia maltha (asphalt stork or La Brea stork), (Late Pliocene – Late Pleistocene of the western and southern United States, Cuba and Bolivia)
- Ciconia stehlini (Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of Hungary) – may belong to extant species
- Ciconia nana (Australian stork) – (Early to Middle Pliocene, Late Pleistocene of Australia) – formerly Xenorhynchus[6]
- Ciconia sp. (Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene of Las Breas de San Felipe, Cuba)[7]
A distal radius in Late Pleistocene deposits of San Josecito Cavern (Mexico) may belong in this genus or in Mycteria; it is smaller than that of any known American stork, Ciconia or otherwise.[8] The proposed fossil genus Prociconia from Brazil, also of Late Pleistocene age, may be a junior synonym of either this genus or Jabiru. A distal tarsometatarsus found in a rock shelter on Réunion was probably of a bird taken there as food by early settlers; no known account mentions the presence of storks on the Mascarenes, and while this subfossil was initially believed to be from a stork, it is today assigned to the Réunion ibis (Threskiornis solitarius) which is quite similar to storks osteologically and was not yet described when the bone was discovered (Cowles, 1994).
References
edit- ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 48, Vol. 5, p. 361.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 247.
- ^ Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Kingery, Hugh Macmaster (1918). An Elementary Latin Dictionary. New York: American Book Company. p. 126. ISBN 0-19-910205-8.
- ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 103. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Storks, ibis, herons". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "Boles. W 2005 A Review of the Australian Fossil Storks of the Genus Ciconia (Aves: Ciconiidae), With the Description of a New Species" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^ MNHNCu P4599, a distal right tibiotarsus of a mid-sized species, about the size of the White Stork: Suarez, William; Olson, Storrs L. (2003). "New Records of Storks (Ciconiidae) from Quaternary Asphalt Deposits in Cuba". The Condor. 105 (1): 150–154. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[150:NROSCF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10088/1553. JSTOR 1370615. S2CID 86512215.
- ^ Steadman, David W.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Johnson, Eileen; Guzman, A. Fabiola (1994). "New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico" (PDF). Condor. 96 (3): 577–589. doi:10.2307/1369460. JSTOR 1369460.
Further reading
edit- Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of the Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
- Cowles, Graham S. (1994): A new genus, three new species and two new records of extinct Holocene birds from Réunion Island, Indian Ocean. Geobios 27(1): 87–93.
- Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
External links
edit
- ARKive: images and movies of Ciconia boyciana
- Ciconia videos on Internet Bird Collection:
- Ecological education through live white storks' nest webcam observation Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine