The Churu (or Chru) people are a Chams related ethnic group living mainly in Lâm Đồng, and Bình Thuận provinces of Central Vietnam. They speak Chru, a Malayo-Polynesian language. The word Churu means Land Expander in their language.[2]: 12–15 The Churu's population was 23,242 in 2019.[1]
 Pediment with ascetic figure, Po Rome, Ninh Thuan, 14th-16th century AD, sandstone - Museum of Vietnamese History - HCMC | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
 Vietnam 23,242 (2019)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Lâm Đồng - Bình Thuận | |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Ethnic religion (majority), Christianity, Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chams and other Austronesian peoples |
Some Churu villages have close ties with the Kaho people, so they speak Koho fluently, and even prefer Koho to Chru.[2]: 13 [3]: 140
During the French colonial period, the most influential highland leaders in Đà Lạt area were Churu. They were said to be the most advanced among the highlanders because of their historical links to the Chams.[4]
History
editAccording to most of village elders of the Churu people in Lâm Đồng, their people were originally a group of close descendants of the Chams who lived in the South Central Coast of Vietnam. Amid constant wars with Khmer Empire and Đại Việt, the Cham aristocracy carried out exploiting their fellow laborers very badly. They forced the laborers to go deep into the forest to find ivory, rhino horn or go down to the river panning gold to tribute. Forced coolie recruit, soldier recruit constantly made the life of Cham farmers very hard. To avoid that heavy oppression and exploitation, some were forced to leave their homeland to find a new land. And they were the first immigrants who gave themselves the name Churu as it is today. They were the people who brought with them rice farming and pottery making of the Chams.[5][2]: 167
In Les Jungles Moï (The Montagnard Jungles), Henri Maitre commented that the Chams began to penetrate the Central Highlands since 1150 under the reign of Jaya Harivarman I, who defeated the Jarai people and Rhade people.[3]: 188–190 After the fall of Vijaya at the end of Champa–Đại Việt War (1471), the rest of Vijaya royal family and clansman fled to Panduranga and started to conquer then govern the Raglai, Churu and Koho people in the nearby highlands.[3]: 193–195
Encouraged by Touneh Hàn Đăng, the Churu adopted some economic innovations from the Chams in the fields of weaving, pottery, and plowing in 1907.[6]
Economic activities
editFarming
editThe Churu are mainly residents of wet rice cultivation, unlike other Lâm Đồng indigenous residents who cultivate slash-and-burn agriculture.[2]: 24
The Churu have long known to turn animal husbandry into an active support for agricultural farming. Large cattle such as buffaloes, cows and horses are not only used for sacrifice but also bring benefits of plowing power and fertilizer. They also know how to make production tools such as plows (Chru: lơngar), harrows (Chru: sơkăm) out of wood or metal.[2]: 25
The Churu also appreciate the importance of irrigation. The system of dams, large ditches, auxiliary ditches, leading to the fields of each family, clan, and the whole village is regularly repaired, renovated and upgraded. They often build dams by using soil, stones, and wood to block a stream or a tributary to store and actively water irrigation.[2]: 26
Hunting
editThe Churu people catch fish in several ways, one of which is pounding the roots of trees with poisonous resins and mixing them with spring water. In the idle farming months, Churu men go to the forest to hunt animals. They have a lot of experience in making poison arrows and traps for wild animals. Animals hunted with trap or crossbow include: pig, deer, monkey, weasel and other small animals. The form of collective hunting is often organized in many villages, but hunting is no longer popular today.[2]: 29
Gathering is the work of women who traditionally go around with Austroasiatic carrying baskets on their back for various types of harvest. Wild vegetables and field vegetables make up the main part of the dishes. Bamboo shoots and some wild fruits are also commonly used foods. Dioscorea hamiltonii (Vietnamese: củ mài) are used as the main source of food in times of failed crop. The Churu also collect other forest products such as: Auricularia auricula-judae, mushrooms, honey, and Wurfbainia villosa.[2]: 30
Culture and religion
editThe traditional religion of the Churu is animism, their deities are divided to 2 groups, Yàng (land deities) and Pô (sky deities).[2]: 93 A number of Churu villages started receiving Christian missionaries starting in the 1950s.[7]
Bok Bơmung (festival in temple) is the biggest folk festival of the Churu, held in February of Lunar Year, lasting in 3 days.[2]: 94–95 [1]
Islam began to be recorded as having been spread to the Churu people in the highlands during the Katip Sumat uprising in 1833 to early 1834. Upon his return from Kelantan, he spread Islam to the Churu and Jarai peoples and recruited them to participate in the Jihad movement against Đại Việt.[8]
Notable persons
edit- Po Rome, the king of Champa ruled from 1627 to 1651, who harmonized Hindu and Muslim factions, forced peace between Chams communities under his reign.[9]: 162–164 Po Rome was the 'first highland king' of the Cham people of Southeast Asia and the 'last figure to be deified' and have a Cham tower dedicated to his worship.[9]: 156
- Touneh Hàn Đăng, the chief of Montagnard district (Vietnamese: Huyện Thượng) in Lâm Viên province under the reign of King Bảo Đại (was Đơn Dương district, Tuyên Đức province under South Vietnam period, now is Đơn Dương district, Lâm Đồng province).[7][10]
References
edit- ^ a b c "Bơmung festival of the Churu people". baolamdong.vn. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Churu people in Lâm Đồng" (PDF). thuvienlamdong.org.vn. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ a b c Henri, Maitre (1912). Les Jungles Moï (Rừng người Thượng) (Vietnamese Edition 2007 - translated by Lưu Đình Tuân, edited by Andrew Hardy and Nguyên Ngọc ed.). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Tri thức. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ Gerald Hickey, Sons of the Mountains: Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 313, 314
- ^ "The Churu people in Lâm Đồng". lamdong.gov.vn. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ Gerald Hickey, Sons of the Mountains: Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954, p. 316
- ^ a b "The Churu people and Ka-Đơn church". saobiennhatrang.net. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ Po, Dharma (2013). Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-1835). International Office of Champa.
- ^ a b "The Cham's First Highland Sovereign - PO ROMÉ" (PDF). chamstudies.wordpress.com. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Old Lâm Viên province via Annals of Nguyễn dynasty". baolamdong.vn. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- Review of a Churu folklore book[permanent dead link]
- Chru Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database