Chunyu Yi (Chinese: 淳於意)[a] was a Chinese physician and bureaucrat active during the Western Han dynasty. A minor official in charge of a granary in Qi, he became renowned as a healer. He is noted as an early source of case histories.
Chunyu Yi | |
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| Born | c. 205–215 BC |
| Other names | Canggong (倉公) |
| Occupation(s) | Physician, granary official |
| Chunyu Yi | |||||||||
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| Chinese | 淳於意 | ||||||||
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Career
editChunyu was born around 205 BC[4] and 215 BC[5] to a prominent land-owning family.[4] According to biographer Sima Qian, writing in the 105th chapter of his Records of the Grand Historian,[6] Chunyu was a minor official in charge of the granary in the state of Qi. In 180 BC, aged about 35, he began a career as a physician by studying the writings of legendary physician Bian Que while being mentored by both Gongsun Guang (公孫光) and Yang Zhongqian (杨中倩).[7] Sima's biography of Chunyu also contains some 25 case histories.[8] In diagnosing his patients, Chunyu, who reportedly could "tactually perceive" qi,[8] had the custom of "explaining his observations in relation to authoritative texts".[9] For instance, after observing a "hot reading from the lungs" of a man who had died "from an illness gotten from engaging in sexual intercourse while in a rage", Chunyu recalled the Maifa (脈法) or Model of the Pulse: "If the pulse is uneven but drumlike, the body will dissipate."[9]
Chunyu's reputation as an adept healer earned him an audience with the King of Qi.[10] At the same time, Chunyu habitually criticised the methods of his fellow physicians.[4] He was also targeted by the relatives of "people whom he did not treat".[11] Sometime between 176 and 167 BC,[11] he was arrested for malpractice, on the grounds that he had refused to treat a certain patient, and sentenced to "certain punishment by mutilation".[5] However, he was pardoned by Emperor Wen,[5] following an impassioned appeal by Chunyu's youngest daughter, Tiying.[11] After being released from prison, Chunyu wrote an autobiography,[5] a medical treatise concerning etiology, diagnosis, and treatment,[12] as well as several case histories which were subsequently included in Sima Qian's work.[5] Little is known about Chunyu Yi's later years, apart from the fact that he had at least five students.[13]
Legacy
editEarly Chinese writers, including Sima Qian and Huangfu Mi, tended to present Chunyu as primarily a political figure whom they dubbed Canggong (倉公) or the "Granary Master", with little to no reference to his medical contributions.[6][11] Sima described Chunyu as "secretive",[14] while Huangfu Mi likened Chunyu Yi to another healer, Attendant He (醫和): "Their analyses captured root principles and thus they did far more than just examine the ill."[11]
Although the Han dynasty was a watershed in the history of traditional Chinese medicine, few medical writings from the period are extant.[4] Writing in the Mingyi lei'an (名醫類案) or Classified Cases from Famous Doctors (1549), Jiang Guan (江瓘) claims that Chunyu Yi was the "ancient founder of the case history tradition".[15] Similarly, Vivienne Lo notes that Chunyu Yi was "an early exponent of the medicine of systematic correspondence that dominated intellectual medical traditions from the beginning of the Chinese empire through to modern times."[16] According to Charles Buck, Chunyu's writings are thus "celebrated for the very rare insights they provide into clinical practice near the start of the Han."[4] Elisabeth Hsu adds that Chunyu's work is "of similar importance to the history of medicine in China as did the Epidemics in the Hippocratic corpus to Greek medicine or the Ebers papyrus to Egyptian medicine."[17]
Notes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Furth 2007, p. 126.
- ^ Lo 2000, p. 15.
- ^ Goldin 2018, p. 655.
- ^ a b c d e Buck 2014, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d e Hanson 2012, p. 351.
- ^ a b Hsu 2005, p. 11.
- ^ Ma 2019, p. 1151.
- ^ a b Hsu 2005, p. 22.
- ^ a b Brown 2015, p. 73.
- ^ Ding 2020, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e Brown 2015, p. 64.
- ^ Harper 2013, p. 7.
- ^ Buck 2014, p. 101.
- ^ Furth 2007, p. 129.
- ^ Furth 2007, pp. 133–134.
- ^ Lo 2000, p. 17.
- ^ Hanson 2012, p. 352.
Bibliography
edit- Brown, Miranda (2015). "Chunyu Yi: Can the Healer Speak?". The Art of Medicine in Early China The Ancient and Medieval Origins of a Modern Archive. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–86. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316156803.006. ISBN 9781316156803.
- Buck, Charles (2014). Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9780857011336.
- Ding, Daniel (2020). The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527559899.
- Furth, Charlotte (2007). "Producing Medical Knowledge through Cases: History, Evidence, and Action". In Charlotte Furth; Judith T. Zeitlin; Ping-chen Hsiung (eds.). Thinking with Cases: Specialist Knowledge in Chinese Cultural History. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 135–151. doi:10.1515/9780824865184-007. ISBN 9780824865184.
- Goldin, Paul R. (2018). Routledge Handbook of Early Chinese History. Routledge. ISBN 9781317681915.
- Hanson, Marta (2012). "Book Review: Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine: The Telling Touch". Early Science and Medicine. 17 (3): 351–353. doi:10.1163/157338212X645120.
- Harper, Donald (2013). Early Chinese Medical Literature. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136172373.
- Hsu, Elisabeth (2005). "Tactility and the Body in Early Chinese Medicine". Science in Context. 18 (1). Cambridge University Press: 7–34. doi:10.1017/S0269889705000335. PMID 16075495. S2CID 25378569.
- Lo, Vivienne (2000). "Crossing the Neiguan 内關 "Inner Pass": A Nei/wai 内外 "Inner/Outer" Distinction in Early Chinese Medicine". East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (17): 15–65. doi:10.1163/26669323-01701004. JSTOR 43150589.
- Ma, Boying (2019). A History Of Medicine In Chinese Culture. Vol. 2. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813237995.