Christian Frederick Cole (1852 – 1885) was a Sierra Leone Creole lawyer and the first black African barrister to practise in the English courts.[1][2] Originally from the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, he was the first black graduate of the University of Oxford, where he studied as a non-collegiate student and then at University College.[1][3][4]
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Life
editCole was the grandson of a slave,[3] and the adopted son of Reverend James Cole of Waterloo.[5] Prior to his studies at Oxford he was educated at Fourah Bay College in Freetown, Sierra Leone.[4]
He enrolled at Oxford as a non-collegiate student with the Delegacy of Unattached Students (now St Catherine's College) in 1873, studying classics.[5] His student contemporaries included the imperialist Cecil Rhodes and the author Oscar Wilde.
Short of money, Cole paid his way by teaching Responsions, one of the qualifying exams for Oxford degrees, and his classes were reportedly popular.[5] He also taught music lessons:[5] a racist cartoon of the time depicts him playing a banjo, however he actually played and taught the piano. Cole's popularity at the college is indicated by the fact that when his uncle died and his financial situation worsened, fellow students and the then Master of University College, George Bradley, raised money to help him.[4]
Despite his financial problems and the disadvantages of being unattached to a college, he graduated in 1876 with a fourth-class honours degree[4] and in November of that year was accepted as a member of University College, a position he held until April 1880.[5][2] His presence drew a lot of attention, including press cartoons depicting him with racial stereotypes. His feelings about these reactions are suggested by his anti-racist writings.[6] He still took a very visible role in the life of the college,[5] including speaking at the Oxford Union.[4] According to biographer Michèle Mendelssohn, the American abolitionist Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson saw Cole at Oxford and described him as “a very black youth from Africa” in a B.A. gown. "King Cole" was the name that Higginson heard the undergraduates call him.[7]
On leaving Oxford in 1880 he returned to Sierra Leone, but did not find employment, so returned to England to train as a barrister.[5] He was accepted by the Inner Temple in 1883, thus becoming the first black African practising in English courts. He later went to Zanzibar to continue his career in law.[5]
He died of smallpox in 1885, at the age of 33.[5] Pamela Roberts, founder and director of Black Oxford Untold Stories, brought Christian Cole to the attention the Master of University College, Ivor Crewe, and of the College's governing body with the aim of putting up a plaque to honour Cole's achievements. On 14 October 2017, Roberts and Crewe unveiled a plaque to Cole on University College's exterior wall, in Logic Lane, opposite the college’s law library.[8]
Written works
editCole delivered lectures on education in Freetown, which were published in 1880.[5]
In 1879, Cole published two pamphlets.[9][10] One was "What Do Men Say about Negroes?", a response to F. E. Weatherly's book Oxford Days, priced 3d and dedicated to Edward Blyden.[11] The other contained his thoughts on the Anglo-Zulu war and was titled Reflections on the Zulu War, By a Negro, BA., of University College, Oxford, and the Inner Temple.[5] In the latter, he wrote:
Ye white men of England
Oh tell, tell, I pray,
If the curse of your land,
Is not, day after day,
To increase your possessions
With reckless delight,
To subdue many nations,
And show them your might.[12]
In 2006, a copy of this pamphlet, which includes two poems, was put up for sale. Former students and staff of University College donated more than a thousand pounds to buy it for the college's library.[13][5]
External links
edit- "Reimagining Christian Frederick Cole" (Black Oxford – Untold Stories)
- Making History: Christian Cole, Alain Locke and Oscar Wilde at Oxford
Notes
edit- ^ a b Duncan, Natricia (26 October 2014). "Where have the black scholars gone?". The Voice. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ a b Brockliss, L. W. B. (2016). The University of Oxford: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 9780199243563.
- ^ a b "Black History Month". BBC Oxford. 14 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Liddell, Marcus (18 October 2017). "Christian Cole: Oxford University's first black student". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Roberts, Pamela (2014). "Christian Frederick Cole, 1852-85". Black Oxford: The Untold Stories of Oxford University's Black Scholars. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781909930148.
- ^ "Prejudice and Pride". Making History. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Michèle, Mendelssohn (2018). Making Oscar Wilde. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0198802365. OCLC 1005105982.
- ^ "Christian Cole Remembered". Black Oxford. 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ Cole, Christian Frederick (1879). "Reflections on the Zulu War". Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Raugh Jr, Harold E. (1 June 2011). Anglo-Zulu War, 1879: A Selected Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780810874671.
- ^ OCLC catalogue entry for Cole, Christian Frederick (1879). What do men say about negroes? Being a few remarks on a passage in "Oxford days: or, How Frank Ross obtained his degree.". London: Williams & Co. [etc. OCLC 44192734.
- ^ "Reflections on the Zulu War by a Negro, B.A." quoted in Mendelssohn, Michèle (2018). Making Oscar Wilde. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-880236-5.
- ^ "College News". Univ Newsletter (24). University College, Oxford: 3. 2006.