The Chenogne massacre was a war crime committed by members of the 11th Armored Division, an American combat unit, near Chenogne, Belgium, on January 1, 1945, during the Battle of the Bulge.
| Chenogne massacre | |
|---|---|
| Location | Near Chenogne, Luxembourg, Belgium |
| Coordinates | 49°59′31″N 5°37′05″E / 49.992°N 5.618°E |
| Date | January 1, 1945 |
| Target | Wehrmacht soldiers of the 3rd Infantry Division and Führerbegleitbrigade |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 80 |
| Perpetrators | 11th Armored Division (US Army) |
According to eyewitness accounts, an estimated 80 German prisoners of war were massacred by their American captors; the prisoners were assembled in a field and shot with machine guns. It was one of several war crimes committed during the Battle of the Bulge by members of both Allied and Axis forces.[1]
The events were covered up at the time, and none of the perpetrators were ever punished. Postwar historians believe the killings were carried out on verbal orders by senior commanders that "no prisoners were to be taken".[2]
Background
editOn December 17, 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge, soldiers from the Waffen-SS gunned down 84 American prisoners at the Baugnez crossroads near the town of Malmedy. When news of the killings spread among American forces, it aroused great anger among frontline troops. The 328th Infantry Regiment issued orders that "no SS troops or paratroopers will be taken prisoner but will be shot on sight."[3][4]
At Chenogne, the prisoners of war killed were members of the Führerbegleitbrigade and 3rd Panzergrenadier Division.[5]
Eyewitness
editS/Sgt. John W. Fague of B Company, 21st Armored Infantry Battalion (of the 11th Armored Division), in action near Chenogne, describes the killing of German prisoners by American troops:
Some of the boys had some prisoners line up. I knew they were going to shoot them, and I hated this business.... They marched the prisoners back up the hill to murder them with the rest of the prisoners we had secured that morning.... As we were going up the hill out of town, I know some of our boys were lining up German prisoners in the fields on both sides of the road. There must have been 25 or 30 German boys in each group. Machine guns were being set up. These boys were to be machine gunned and murdered. We were committing the same crimes we were now accusing the Japs and Germans of doing.... Going back down the road into town I looked into the fields where the German boys had been shot. Dark lifeless forms lay in the snow.[6]
Fague also pointed out he had no knowledge of the Malmedy massacre at that time.[7]
Cover-up
edit
The official postwar history published by the United States government states that while "It is probable that Germans who attempted to surrender in the days immediately after the 17th ran a greater risk" of being killed than earlier in the year, "there is no evidence... that American troops took advantage of orders, implicit or explicit, to kill their SS prisoners."[8] However, according to George Henry Bennett, "The caveat is a little disingenuous", and he notes that it is likely orders given by the U.S. 328th Infantry Regiment to shoot prisoners were carried out, and that other US regiments were likely given similar orders.[9] The killing of SS prisoners had become routine at the time for some units. The 90th Infantry Division at the Saar "executed Waffen-SS prisoners in such a systematic manner late in December 1944 that headquarters had to issue express orders to take Waffen-SS soldiers alive so as to be able to obtain information from them".[10]
In July 2018, KQED-FM radio aired an episode of the Reveal series called "Take No Prisoners: Inside a WWII American War Crime", in which Chris Harland-Dunaway investigated the Chenogne massacre. According to his sources, US soldiers shot about 80 German soldiers after they had surrendered (roughly one for each American killed in the Malmedy massacre).[11] Harland-Dunaway refers to General George S. Patton's diary in which the latter confirms that the Americans "...also murdered 50 odd German med [sic]. I hope we can conceal this".[12]
According to a declassified file Harland-Dunaway got access to, a soldier named Max Cohen described seeing roughly 70 German prisoners machine-gunned by the 11th Armored Division in Chenogne. Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force General Dwight D. Eisenhower demanded a full investigation, but the 11th Armored were uncooperative, saying "it's too late; the war is over, the units are disbanded." Eisenhower never obtained an investigation into those killings in Chenogne. American lawyer Ben Ferencz, who served as a prosecutor at the Nuremberg Tribunal, said after acquainting himself with the declassified report that "It smells to me like a cover-up, of course."[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Harland-Dunaway, Chris (December 28, 2019). Myers, Brett (ed.). "Take No Prisoners Update". Reveal, from The Center for Investigative Reporting co-produced with PRX. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Sorge, Martin K. (July 23, 1986). The Other Price of Hitler's War : German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II. Greenwood Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-313-25293-8.
- ^ Cole, Hugh M. (1965). "Footnote Chapter XI. The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif". The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge. Washington, D.C., United States: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. pp. 261–264. LCCN 65060001. Archived from the original on November 13, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2006.
- ^ Gallagher, Richard (January 1, 1964). The Malmedy Massacre. New York: Paperback Library. Retrieved June 3, 2006.This incident described was from the writing of John Fague.
- ^ Schrijvers, Peter (November 4, 2014). Those Who Hold Bastogne: The True Story of the Soldiers and Civilians Who Fought in the Biggest Battle of the Bulge. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780300210125. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ Fague, John (2006). "B Company 21st AIB". Thunderbolt Unit Histories. The 11th Armored Division Association. Retrieved June 3, 2006.
- ^ Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (January 1, 2020). "Das Verbrechen, das General Patton vertuschen wollte" (in German). Die Welt.
- ^ Cole, Hugh M. (1965). "Chapter XI. The 1st SS Panzer Division's Dash Westward, and Operation Greif". The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge. Washington, D.C., United States: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. pp. 261–264. LCCN 65060001. Archived from the original on November 13, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2006.
- ^ Bennett, G. H. (2007). Destination Normandy : three American regiments on D-Day. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International. ISBN 9780275990947. p.78
- ^ Schrijvers, Peter. The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in Europe During World War II. pp. 79–80.
- ^ a b Harland-Dunaway, Chris (July 28, 2018), "Take no prisoners: Inside a WWII American war crime", revealnews.org, Center for Investigative Reporting, archived from the original on February 9, 2019, retrieved July 30, 2018
- ^ Patton, George (January 4, 1945). "George S. Patton Papers: Diaries, 1910–1945; Original; 1944, Oct. 3 – 1945, Feb. 5". Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Retrieved December 31, 2018.