Chemical industry in the United Kingdom

The chemical industry in the United Kingdom is one of the UK's main manufacturing industries. At one time, the UK's chemical industry was a world leader. The industry has also been environmentally damaging, and includes radioactive nuclear industries.

History

Weston Point chemical works, off the M56, near Runcorn and the River Weaver and the Weaver Viaduct

Alexander Parkes in 1855 develops the first plastic, in Birmingham, a form of celluloid. Daniel Spill, his assistant, develops it further, as xylonite. The American John Wesley Hyatt later tries to claim the patent, after developing another process for celluloid, with camphor, in 1869. The subsequent British Xylonite Company, formed in 1877, later becomes BX Plastics. A division, Cascelloid, formed in Leicestershire in 1919, becomes Palitoy. Another division, Halex, made sports products.

Sir William Henry Perkin FRS discovered the first synthetic dye mauveine in 1856, produced from aniline, having tried to synthesise quinine at his home on Cable Street in east London. Perkin's work, alone, led the way to the British chemical industry.

21% of the UK's chemical industry is in North West England, notably around Runcorn and Widnes. The chemical industry is 6.8% of UK manufacturing; around 85% of the UK chemical industry is in England.

It employs 500,000, including 350,000 indirectly.

It accounts for around 20% of the UK's research and development.

Timeline

1905 Courtaulds is formed
1906 British Oxygen Company is formed, it was later a world leader in industrial gases
1907 Royal Dutch Shell is formed, from two companies; the British part was founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, which sold paraffin oil in the Far East; in order to counter competition from Esso, a joint company had been formed in 1903 with Henri Deterding of the Netherlands
1918 Nobel Industries is formed, containing all the explosives industry in the UK, by Sir Harry McGowan, the head of British Nobel
1926 ICI is formed from four large companies on 4 December, with a capital value of £65
1939 ICI started its first polyethylene unit at Wallerscote in Cheshire. Fisons was also formed
1947 British Hydrocarbon Chemicals was formed by Distillers (DCL) and BP at Grangemouth; it would have the feedstock from petroleum, not fermentation. In 1949 6% of British organic chemicals originated from petroleum; by 1965 it was 70%
1948 Laporte Chemicals, a leader in peroxide chemicals, was formed; it made hydrogen peroxide at Luton
1958 Synthetic rubber production in the UK is first started; International Synthetic Rubber at Grangemouth, which made styrene-butadiene elastomer, and DuPont made its neoprene synthetic rubber in Northern Ireland, at the same time
1963 Esso introduced butyl rubber (synthetic) at Fawley in 1963
1967 BP Chemicals is formed, when BP bought the Distillers share; it became the second-largest UK chemicals company after ICI

Output

In 2015, the UK chemical industry exported £50bn of products.^[1]

Below the UK chemical industry, the UK automotive industry exports £35bn, and the UK aerospace industry exports £32bn. ^[2]

Research

The industry employs about 30,000 in research and development. The industry invests £5bn in research. The UK automotive industry invests £2.7bn and the UK aerospace industry invests £2.1bn.

Centres of research include the National Formulation Centre at Sedgefield, the Advanced Propulsion Centre in Coventry, with the nearby UK Battery Industrialisation Centre, and the Centre for Process Innovation in the north east. Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory is in the north west. BP has the Sunbury Research Centre in south-west London.

Regulation

Regulation of the UK chemical industry is largely under the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals legislation (REACH).

Chemical plants

Teesside and Cheshire are areas with an established chemical industry. Significant chemical plants in the UK include:

Grangemouth chamicals plant (former BP, now Ineos), seen in July 2007

North Tees Works

P&G's London Plant

Stallingborough Plant

Battery Works at Stallingborough in North East Lincolnshire, built by Taylor Woodrow Construction in 1950 for Laporte Industries
Billingham Manufacturing Plant, former ICI plant that makes nitrate fertiliser^[3]
Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, former ICI plant from 1916, became Zeneca in 1993, then Syngenta, makes herbicides
Ineos Grangemouth chemicals plant, the propylene plant began in 1949, being opened at Grangemouth, Stirlingshire in May 1951^[4] for British Petroleum Chemicals, which had been formed jointly between The Distillers Company and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (known as BP from 1954) in 1948. It would later have a crude oil feed from the Forties Oil Field
International Paint in Heworth, near Gateshead, east of Felling, make paint for corrosive environments
P&G London Plant, at West Thurrock; it makes Ariel, Bold, Fairy and Daz
Seal Sands, run by Lennig Chemicals, the site was built in 1972, later owned by Rohm & Haas, for making acrylate monomer
Stallingborough Plant, owned by Tronox (Millennium Chemicals until 2007, then Cristal Pigment until 2019); it has been running since 1953 when owned by Laporte
William Blythe in Church, Lancashire near Accrington
Wilton International, built by ICI; it is 4000 acres and an olefine site
Winnington Works, owned by Tata Chemicals Europe previously ICI, at Anderton with Marbury in Cheshire on the River Weaver; it was built in 1874, sold by ICI in 1991; it makes sodium bicarbonate

Former chemical plants

BP Baglan Bay Works, seen in September 197

Baglan Bay Works, built similar to the Grangemouth plant for British Hydrocarbon Chemicals (from 1956) by George Wimpey,^[5] from 1961 between Port Talbot and Neath in south Wales, it had a light distillate feed from the nearby Llandarcy Oil Refinery, with a steam cracker.^[6] British Hydrocarbon Chemicals became BP Chemicals in 1967. It was demolished in 2003.
INEOS Nitriles (former BASF before 2008) at Seal Sands was formerly Europe's largest producer of acetonitrile; it was built by Monsanto in the early 1970s
Coalite Works at Shuttlewood in north Derbyshire, was placed on the proposed route of HS2, closed in 2004
Elementis chromium plant at Urlay Nook, near Eaglescliffe; it closed in June 2009
Four Ashes Chemical Plant, Schenectady Europe (SI Group, former Laporte before 1999) off the A449 in Four Ashes, Staffordshire; it was demolished in 2007
Grimsby Works, built for Courtaulds
North Tees Works, former ICI near Seal Sands, east of Billingham in Stockton. Announced in June 1964, to make cyclohexane and aromatics. Made 400,000 tonnes a year, to be the biggest aromatics plant in Europe, opened 1966, built by Procon^[7] By 1970, would be the biggest aromatics plant in the world, when expanded south of the Tees, with a pipeline connecting the two sites. ICI jointly operated two neighbouring oil refineries. Shell had a refinery at Teesport
Hauxton chemical works, 84 acres, in Cambridgeshire, owned by Fisons then Bayer Crop Sciences, closed 2004
Hickson & Welch in Castleford; it suffered an explosion in 1992
Rio Tinto Zinc smelter at Avonmouth, the National Smelting Company, where the Imperial Smelting Process was developed in the 1950s, in the 1960s it was the largest zinc blast furnace in the world
Lennig Chemicals opened its Tyneside Works at Jarrow in 1960, which was bought by Rohm and Haas in the 1970s, and bought by Dow Chemicals in 2009, and closed in 2015
Unilever Warrington made Persil and Surf; it closed on Thursday 15 October 2020, near Warrington Bank Quay railway station
William Blythe chemical Works at Hapton, Lancashire, next to the M65, in the Borough of Burnley

Companies

Significant chemical companies in the UK have been:

Fisons, a significant East of England fertiliser company, bought in 1995
Ineos, it took over many production sites of ICI
Unilever, with a main detergent site in Warrington and home care manufacture and research on the Wirral

Organisations

Relevant organisations related to the UK chemical industry are the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), the Chemical Industries Association, and the Society of Chemical Industry. The chemical industry in Europe is represented by the European Chemical Industry Council or CEFIC.

References

^ CIA 2015 report
^ Department for Business and Trade
^ UK Government Chemicals Sector Report 2017
^ Times Wednesday 28 November 1951, page 8
^ Times Friday 17 April 1964, page 22
^ Times Tuesday 18 April 1961, page 18
^ Times Tuesday 2 June 1964, page 7

External links

[1] CIA 2015 report

[2] Department for Business and Trade

[3] UK Government Chemicals Sector Report 2017

[4] Times Wednesday 28 November 1951, page 8

[5] Times Friday 17 April 1964, page 22

[6] Times Tuesday 18 April 1961, page 18

[7] Times Tuesday 2 June 1964, page 7

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