Final Fantasy IX, a PlayStation role-playing game consisting of four CD-ROMs,[1] features a cast containing various major and minor characters. Players control a maximum of four characters for combat at once, with eight main playable characters in the party and other, temporary characters.[1]
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/FFIX_characters.png/300px-FFIX_characters.png)
Concept and creation
editThe main characters were based on the character class archetypes from previous Final Fantasy games. Zidane is based on the Thief class, while Steiner is based on the Fighter class. Each character in Final Fantasy IX has a unique ability; these include summoning, black magic, white magic, blue magic, and techniques such as "Jump". The characters were designed after the creation of Final Fantasy IX's plot, unlike its predecessors VII and VIII, which had their protagonists created before the story.[2] Both Zidane and Vivi's size and age were made to be less than the characters from these titles. Zidane was one of the original three characters to be revealed, along with Vivi and Steiner.
Original concepts and designs were created by Yoshitaka Amano.[3][4] The in-game version of each character was completed by Toshiyuki Itahana, Shunkou Murase, and Shin Nagasawa.[3] The game's character designs were meant to strike a balance between realism and a comic-like style, while taking inspiration from the style employed for the characters in The Dark Crystal.[5]
Main playable characters
editZidane Tribal
editZidane Tribal (ジタン・トライバル, Jitan Toraibaru, /zɪˈdɑːn/) is the main protagonist of Final Fantasy IX. He was conceived and written by Hironobu Sakaguchi.[3][4] The womanizing aspect of his character was conceived by Hiroyuki Ito. Sakaguchi described him as a person who "likes girls and doesn't care for much", lacking any real objective and being carefree, but a key character nonetheless. Zidane has shoulder-length blonde hair, blue eyes, and a prehensile monkey-like tail, as shown in game when he uses it to evade Steiner.[6] He wields either two daggers or a single swallow-blade. Zidane is identified as a thief, and has the unique ability to steal items from enemies.[6] He assists in the kidnapping of Garnet, who goes willingly, as she desires to escape the kingdom. He takes an instant liking to her and does not hesitate to flirt with her throughout the game. Near the end of the game, it is revealed that Zidane is a Genome created on the planet Terra to replace the antagonist Kuja as a more powerful "Angel of Death".
Vivi Ornitier
editVivi Ornitier (ビビ・オルニティア, Bibi Orunitia) first appears at the beginning of the game, becoming embroiled in Tantalus's plan to kidnap Princess Garnet when he travels to Alexandria to attend a performance of the play I Want to be Your Canary.[7] Vivi's appearance is based on the black mage characters from previous Final Fantasy games. He wears a blue outfit and a tall hat, and has no facial features beyond a set of yellow eyes. He joins with Zidane and others, and later discovers others like him, later learning that they are mindless, manufactured foot soldiers created by Kuja. He continues to search for the truth about his origins and point in life, as well as what makes him different from others like him, such as his ability to express emotions.[8] In the Black Mage Village he discovers, he eventually learns that Black Mages live for only one year, though that Vivi may be a prototype with a longer lifespan.[9][10] In the ending, it is implied that he eventually passed away, having multiple Black Mage children.
Adelbert Steiner
editAdelbert Steiner (アデルバート・スタイナー, Aderubāto Sutainā) is the Captain of the Knights of Pluto, the only group of male soldiers in Alexandria's military force. Steiner is unusual amongst Final Fantasy characters in that while the game allows the player to choose his name, the chosen name becomes his surname instead of his first name. For instance, if the player entered the name "Steve", he would be called "Captain Adelbert Steve". This also makes him one of the few Final Fantasy characters to be called by both the first and last name given in the game's manual during actual gameplay.
Steiner wears a full suit of heavy armour throughout the game, giving him a bulky appearance. His armour is often remarked on by others, such as when Zidane refers to him as "Rusty" early on in the game. Steiner only seems to mind this once, though his armour never actually appears damaged or ill-maintained.
Steiner meets Zidane and the Tantalus group during their performance of the play I Want to be Your Canary. He follows the Tantalus group after their "kidnapping" of Princess Garnet because of his oath to protect her from danger. He joins forces with Zidane, whom he hates due to being a thief, but is willing to put up with just about anything to ensure Garnet's safety. When the party learns of the Queen's role in the attacks on Burmecia, Steiner questions his loyalty, as he does not believe such horrible deeds could be committed by the person he dedicated his life to defending. He resolves this conflict by transferring his loyalty fully to Garnet.
Despite his grouchy demeanor and disdain for most members of the group, Steiner has a humble respect for Vivi, admiring his magical abilities and referring to him as "Master Vivi". When both Steiner and Vivi are in the party, Steiner has access to the Magic Sword ability, which allow Vivi to charge Steiner's sword with the power of his black magic abilities, although MP consumption is limited to Steiner alone.
Steiner's love interest is his ex-rival, General Beatrix, which occurs as a result of Eiko's failed love letter to Zidane, presented in a comedy of errors fashion. As the game progresses, Steiner's experiences and resolution of personal conflicts allow his personality to soften somewhat towards the end and he is able to form not only a respectful friendship with Zidane but also a relationship with Beatrix.
Garnet Til Alexandros XVII / Dagger
editGarnet Til Alexandros XVII (ガーネット・ティル・アレクサンドロス17世, Gānetto tiru Arekusandorosu Jūnanasei), is the heroine of Final Fantasy IX. She is the Princess of Alexandria, one of four major nations located on the Mist Continent, and the only heir to the royal throne. She attempts to escape from the kingdom due to her concerns about her mother's actions and behavior, joining with Zidane during Zidane's kidnapping attempt of her. They head toward Lindblum. with Garnet assuming the alias "Dagger" to disguise herself. During their travels, she is hunted by her mother, who sends beings called Black Waltzes to retrieve her. Garnet later learns that she was a summoner, being adopted as the Princess of Alexandria and repressing her memories of childhood, and her Eidolons are extracted by Zorn and Thorn, though she regains the ability to summon them later. She becomes Queen after Brahne's death, with Brahne apologizing for having become the person she did, having fallen under Kuja's influence.
Amarant Coral
editAmarant Coral is the last character to join the party. His name in the Japanese version of the game is Salamander Coral (サラマンダー・コーラル, Saramandā Kōraru), a possible reference to the Salamander's portrayal in mythology, as he is known as "The Flaming Amarant" ("The Flaming Salamander").[11] In the game, Amarant is also known as "Red"[12] and "Scarlet Hair" in his introductory battle. He fights using gloves or knuckles, like the monk character class in other Final Fantasy games, but also possesses the "Throw" command, which is normally associated with the ninja class. He holds a grudge against Zidane, the reasons of which are initially undisclosed. Amarant's combative nature and arrogant attitude often leads to conflict, but eventually his personality begins to change as a result of Zidane's influence.[13]
Amarant lives by a harsh code where "only the strong survive", and finds meaning in life through combat. Very little is revealed regarding his extended past; even he can only recall that his first real memory is "of the face of a guy I had to fight".[14] The warrior he wanted to challenge was Zidane, but he never got the chance to until meeting him in Madain Sari while tracking down Garnet alongside Lani. Lani seems to have a crush on him, but Amarant is seemingly unaware of this.
Amarant's reputation as a fighter made him feared in Treno, so King, the owner of one of Treno's waterfront mansions and auction house, hired him as a security guard. When Zidane raids the mansion, he frames Amarant, who becomes a wanted man with a considerable bounty on his head. This is shown in the inn in Treno, where a wanted poster of him can be seen. Amarant does not divulge this information until a conversation with Freya outside the auction house in Disc 3, and keeps the reasoning for his grudge towards Zidane, who does not remember him, secret for a significant portion of the game. Afterwards, Amarant works as a mercenary for hire. Queen Brahne later summons him to retrieve Princess Garnet's pendant and assassinate Vivi, and he takes the job after learning that Zidane is traveling with them. Another bounty hunter, Lani, arrives first and holds Eiko hostage, demanding that Garnet relinquish the pendant. Compelled by a sense of fairness,[15] Amarant ambushes the pair and saves Eiko. He challenges Lani, who gives up the pendant and retreats. He then duels with Zidane; after losing the fight, he returns the pendant and demands that Zidane deliver the finishing blow. Zidane refuses, and, confused by his mercy,[16] Amarant decides to follow him to understand his power.[17]
While with the party, Amarant remains aloof and dismissive, to the point of not performing a victory dance after battle. His "lone wolf" persona culminates during the raid on Ipsen's Castle, where he seeks to prove that working alone "beats working in a team any day",[18] and sets off in search of a set of mirrors alone. After finding the mirrors, Amarant falls and nearly dies; he is saved by Zidane, who had re-entered the castle after making it out with the party, but noticed that Amarant had not. Amarant is again confused by Zidane's willingness to help him,[19] and his personality gradually begins to change under Zidane's influence, as after this he begins to perform a victory dance after battles.[13] On Terra, Amarant concludes that "blind pursuit of power is a meaningless vice".[20]
Freya Crescent
editFreya Crescent (フライヤ・クレセント, Furaiya Kuresento, /ˈfraɪə/) is Burmecian, a race of anthropomorphic rats who mainly live in the cities of Burmecia and Cleyra. Her class is Dragon Knight.[21] Hailing from Burmecia, she is met by Zidane in Lindblum during the Festival of the Hunt, joining his quest after they finish their competition. She travels to Cleyra, which is under attack by Alexandria, where she meets her love Sir Fratley, but discovered that he lost his memory. She later travels to Burmecia, which was also attacked and destroyed by Alexandria. By the end, she reunites with Fratley, working to help reconstruct Burmecia.
Quina Quen
editQuina Quen (クイナ・クゥエン, Kuina Kūen) is an eighty-nine-year-old Qu of indeterminate gender. Despite being given the pronoun of "s/he", they have masculine pronouns such as "him" and "his" attributed to them, giving the impression they are male. They live primarily in the Mist Continent's Qu's Marsh. Their master, Quale, wants Quina to travel the world so that they will learn that there is more to life than food. Like the rest of the Qu Tribe, Quina speaks in broken English. Quina's unique ability is called Blue Magic, or Blu Magic in the battle menu, which allows them to use enemy abilities acquired in battle by using the Eat command on certain enemies. Quina's philosophy is that there are only two things: "things you can eat and things you no can eat". Their favorite food is frogs. Quina is separated from the rest of the party at several points in the game.
During Disc 1 of the game, Quina is an optional character. They join the party in the first disc if the player travels to Qu's Marsh near the Lindblum Dragon's Gate. If the player does not recruit Quina here, they can be recruited in the same place during Disc 2, at which point having them in the party is mandatory requirement to find a way to get to the Outer Continent and progress through the game.
Quina's motive for joining the party is not out of a desire to save the world, but rather as an opportunity to taste different foods from all around Gaia. As a result, they do not hold a particularly high interest in the events that unfold during the course of the story, unless food is involved. Despite this, they fight alongside Zidane and the rest of the party to achieve their goal of saving it from Brahne and Kuja.
Later in the game, Zidane, Vivi, and Quina can visit Quan's dwelling, where Quina will see a whole room of nonexistent food. Upon moving outside, Quina, Vivi, and Quale meet with Quan's ghost, which Zidane cannot see. Quan commends both Vivi and Quina for their imaginations and reprimands Quale for seeing the world too literally. It is at this point that Quina fully understands what they have gotten out of traveling with Zidane and decides that they want to travel the world in search of "yummy-yummies". Quina's role in the rest of the game is limited to a secondary role except in the ending, where they are seen in the kitchen of Alexandria Castle, preparing a feast for Garnet's seventeenth birthday celebration.
Eiko Carol
editEiko Carol (エーコ・キャルオル, Ēko Kyaruoru) is one of the playable characters that joins the party in the second disc of the game. She is the only person who appears in the game with a Summoner's Horn. While Eiko and Garnet both share White Magic and Summoner abilities, Eiko primarily uses white magic and her summoner powers taking a secondary role, as indicated by the order of her skills on the battle menu. Her summon abilities are usually holy-based summons or summons that add supporting effects. Some examples are Phoenix, which revives unconscious party members, and Madeen, which deals Holy damage.
She is a six year old girl and one of the two last surviving Summoners of Madain Sari, the other being Garnet. Eiko's family was not in Madain Sari when it was destroyed, and returned to its ruins four years later when Eiko was young. Eiko's parents died when she was three years old, leaving her grandfather to raise her, but he died when she was five years old. Following his death, the moogles in the area took her in. She became very mature for her age and helped them, stealing food from the nearby village of Conde Petie for them when needed. Zidane and the rest of the party find her caught in a tree after she fled the scene of one of her thefts. After helping her get down, she shows them Madain Sari and decides to join the party, despite her grandfather having told her not to leave until she was sixteen. Eiko develops a crush on Zidane, and considers Garnet to be her rival for his affections, though gives up her pursuit of him after learning that Zidane's true affections lie mainly with Garnet.
Eiko has a guardian female moogle named of Mog. During an extraction of Eiko's eidolons, Mog goes into a trance to protect Eiko and transforms into Madeen. After the battle, she gives Eiko the ribbon she wore so she can summon her at will. After defeating Kuja, one of the final scenes in the game shows Eiko referring to Cid and Hilda as her parents. Although the Regent had never established an adoption, his wife, Hilda, acknowledges it.
In World of Final Fantasy, she is voiced by Hisako Kanemoto in Japanese and Michaela Jill Murphy in English.
Antagonists
editKuja
editKuja (クジャ) is the main antagonist of Final Fantasy IX who serves as a gunrunner for the kingdom of Alexandria. He was the first Genome with a soul to serve as an angel of death, created by Garland on Terra. He was designed to not live long, and was intended to be replaced by Zidane, whom he abandoned on Gaia to prevent this. He wreaked havoc on Gaia, hoping to overthrow Garland and Zidane and inciting war on the planet. He also manipulated Queen Brahne, offering her weapons called Black Mages, including more powerful ones called Black Waltzes, to accomplish this. When he tried to obtain the Eidolon Alexander to kill Garland, Garland prevented this, causing Kuja to seek a more powerful Eidolon by kidnapping the summoner Eiko Carol to extract her Eidolons. He realizes the power of Trance when her Moogle protects her by entering it, seeking that power instead. He kills Garland, but not before Garland tells him he has a limited lifespan, causing Kuja to panic and destroy Terra. He finds it unfair that he will die, and thus decides to kill all life. He destroys the crystal that life originates from, and is ultimately defeated by Zidane. The destruction of the crystal leads to the being Necron to deem that people crave death. After defeating him, Kuja teleports them out of danger, but Zidane returns to save him, causing Kuja to rethink life.
Queen Brahne
editBrahne (ブラネ, Burane) is the queen of Alexandria and Garnet's adoptive mother. As Garnet testifies several times throughout the game, she was formerly a kind and well-liked ruler of the kingdom, but eventually becomes cruel, particularly when a man called Kuja shows up, revealed to have been talked into waging war with an army of Black Mages and having Zorn and Thorn extract the Eidolons from Garnet before executing her. After successfully extracting the Eidolons but failing to execute Garnet, she uses various Eidolons to attack neighboring countries and kill Kuja, though he mortally wounds her in the process. She dies in Garnet's arms, asking Garnet for her forgiveness.
Garland
editGarland (ガーランド, Gārando) was made leader of Terra when its original inhabitants went into their 'Deep Sleep'. He is responsible for overseeing the Genomes and creating the three "Angels of Death": Kuja, Zidane, and Mikoto. He was also responsible for the destruction of Madain Sari. Garland is defeated at Pandemonium by Zidane and his party, only to be confronted by Kuja. Garland is too weak to fight back against him and is thrown to his death. However, his spirit lives on and assists the party during their journey through Memoria.
Necron
editNecron (永遠の闇, Eien no Yami, lit. Eternal Darkness) is the game's final boss. It is a multi-dimensional being that appears after Trance Kuja destroys the crystal, the source of life. With the crystal's destruction, Necron decides to proceed with its original task to return all existence to a "zero world", a world where nothing exists and there is no pain or sorrow. It is ultimately defeated by Zidane and the party, yet vows that it will exist as long as life does.
Other major characters
editBeatrix
editBeatrix is a general and head of the army of Alexandria, loyal to Queen Brahne and leading her army against the neighboring kingdoms. While she begins as an antagonist to the party, she switches sides to protect the Princess Garnet, fighting alongside Freya and Steiner to help them escape. After Brahne's death, she serves under the newly crowned Queen Garnet, and she and Steiner grow to develop feelings for one another. She helps the group by captaining the Red Rose, which defends the group as it enters the final area of the game.
Regent Cid Fabool IX
editRegent Cid Fabool IX (シド・ファブール9世, Shido Fabūru Kyūsei) is the present ruler of Lindblum, who was turned into an oglop by his wife, Hilda, because of his womanizing. He is an expert of technology who is fond of creating new airships. He was best friends with Garnet's father and ordered Tantalus to kidnap her out of concern for her safety, based on Brahne's erratic behavior.
After Lindblum is destroyed, Zidane and his party attempt to turn him back into a human, but fail, instead turning him into a frog. His restoration to human form is possible only after liberating Hilda from Mount Gulug, as it is revealed only the caster of the spell can reverse it.
At the end of the game, Cid and Hilda have seemingly adopted Eiko, as she calls them "father" and "mother", much to Cid's surprise.
Black Waltzes
editKuja's production of the Black Mage dolls was supplemented with three versions of a more powerful model subsequently named the Black Waltzes, each iteration more powerful than the previous. They are named after the waltz, a type of ballroom dance that has three beats to the measure, signifying that there are exactly three of them. The Black Waltzes' appearance is similar to the Black Mages, but differs in that the Black Mages have a neutral appearance while the Black Waltzes have a stylized appearance. Black Waltzes also haveg black feathered wings. The individual appearance of the Black Waltzes varies slightly, and each model is more elegant and slender than the previous. For instance, Black Waltz no. 1 wears shabby clothing reminiscent of peasantry, Black Waltz no. 2 wears a long robe, and Black Waltz no. 3 wears a fur-lined coat. Black Waltz no. 2 is unique in that it sports a large set of antlers and constantly floats, having no visible legs.
Black Waltzes also differ from Black Mages in that they have been given free will from their creators. They do not consider themselves to be part of the Black Mage army, but rather that they are separate and superior to the "soulless dolls". Despite being able to think and reason, they do not truly exhibit emotions: instead they simulate them, a trait they share with ordinary Black Mages. The Waltzes were assigned to follow orders and answer directly to Queen Brahne, and were dispatched to capture Garnet and bring her back alive. In battle, they will not attack her, and when she is the last remaining character they will cast Sleep on her to capture her. Since their retrieval of Garnet is their only mission revealed in the game and each one is destroyed during this mission, it is unknown what capacity they serve the Queen beyond this function.
Each Black Waltz casts magic of a level and Black Magic element corresponding to their numbers, Black Waltz no. 1 casts "Blizzard", Black Waltz no. 2 casts "Fira", and Black Waltz no. 3 casts "Thundaga". Black Waltz no. 1, uncharacteristic to typical Black Mages, has the ability to summon a monster, Sealion, to aid him in battle. Black Waltz no. 2 proves to be powerful enough to survive its first encounter with the party, but after being heavily damaged, its mental capacity is severely affected and it is unable to process any thoughts beyond its mission. Black Waltz no. 3 also demonstrates skill in piloting small airships.
Reception and legacy
editVenture Beat praised the games attention to character, and its use of humor not as an opportunity for "jokes", but to reveal character and allow players to connect with the characters when the story becomes more dramatic.[22] "Active Time Events" were often used when players entered new cities, which was praised for regularly offering up character development.[23] Some of the characters have very well developed plot arcs, such as Zidane, Garnet, and Vivi, while others such as Amarant are less so.[24] Polygon notes that the cast of Final Fantasy IX strives for justice and peace at any cost, unlike later games that tend to glamorize the violence and seem to regard violence as inevitable and good.[25]
Digital Spy rated the game the second best Final Fantasy, citing "lovable characters and hatable villians" as one of their reasons.[26] In a poll of Japan's favorite Final Fantasy characters, Vivi and Zidane were number four and five.[27] The characters of FFIX were featured in a television advertisement for Coca-Cola in Japan.[28]
References
edit- ^ a b FINAL FANTASY IX English game manual, Published by Square Electronic Arts L.L.C., 2000.
- ^ "Square Haven News / Final Fantasy IX Interview". Squarehaven.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- ^ a b c "Final Fantasy IX". RPGFan. 2010-07-08. Archived from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ a b "Q&A: Final Fantasy Concept Artist Yoshitaka Amano". GameSpot. 2000-12-07. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
- ^ Final Fantasy (March 21, 2019). "Inside FINAL FANTASY IX (Closed Captions)". YouTube. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
- ^ a b Baird, Scott (February 14, 2018). "15 Things That Need To Be Cut From The Final Fantasy IX Remake". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ Vivi: Leave me alone! / Knight 1: Stop! / Knight 2: Come back here! / Vivi: Don't come any closer! / Garnet: Ow! That's hot! / Baku: Zidane! It's time! / Zidane: Princess Garnet! Let's get outta here! (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Vivi: ...Zidane. Those...black mages and I... Are we...the same...? (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Black Mage No. 288: Seven of our friends stopped functioning recently... I think our life span is limited... I've suspected this ever since the first one came to a stop. It varies a little, but most of us stop moving one year after production. (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Vivi: A-Am I gonna stop pretty soon, too? / Zidane: ! / Black Mage No. 288: I don't know... Kuja said the prototype built before us would last longer. / Vivi: But...I am gonna stop eventually. / Black Mage No. 288: ...... (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: Some call me the Flaming Amarant. (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Lani: What are you tryin' to do, Red!? I thought you're supposed to be the number one bandit! (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ a b Zidane: Funny how you put that in past tense. All due to my wonderful influence. / Amarant: Pshhh. What do you want me to do? Thank you? (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: I don't remember any loving parents. My first memory is of the face of a guy I had to fight. I only found meaning in life through combat. (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: I'm not here to help. I just want it to be fair. (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: I tried to kill you. Why are you letting me go? (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: "Very well. I'll find out what makes you so strong." (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: I'm sayin' working alone beats working in a team any day, and I'm gonna prove it. Hilda said there's some key here to break the seal, am I right? (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: We don't have anything to do with each other anymore... You don't have anything to gain from this. Or do you? I don't understand you. I don't understand the way you think... (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Amarant: Blind pursuit of power is a meaningless vice. (Final Fantasy IX)
- ^ Oxford, Nadia (January 5, 2018). "The Written Final Fantasy IX Report Part 5: Fire Up the End Credits, We're Done Here". USGamer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
- ^ Bitmob (October 19, 2011). "The Character of Final Fantasy IX". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Schreier, Jason (July 12, 2019). "Final Fantasy IX Retrospective: The Final Fantasy's Final Fantasy". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Oxford, Nadia (January 8, 2018). "The Written Final Fantasy IX Report Part 5: Fire Up the End Credits, We're Done Here". US Gamer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Kunzelman, Cameron (October 11, 2017). "Final Fantasy 9 teaches us about war and how times have changed". Polygon. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
- ^ Reynolds, Matthew; Anderton, Joe (18 April 2019). "Ranking the main Final Fantasy games from worst to best". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ Doolan, Liam (March 1, 2020). "Japan Picks Its Favourite Final Fantasy Game and Character". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ "TGS: FINAL FANTASY IX CHARACTERS DO COKE". IGN. 2000-03-31. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-10.