Captorhinidae is an extinct family of tetrapods, typically considered primitive reptiles, known from the late Carboniferous to the Late Permian. They had a cosmopolitan distribution across Pangea.
| Captorhinids Temporal range: Pennsylvanian - Lopingian
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| Fossil Captorhinus specimens | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Eureptilia |
| Family: | †Captorhinidae Case, 1911 |
| Type species | |
| †Captorhinus aguti | |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
| Synonyms | |
Description
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Captorhinids are a clade of small to very large lizard-like animals that date from the Late Carboniferous through the Permian. Their skulls were much stronger than those of their relatives, the protorothyridids, and had teeth that were better able to deal with tough plant material. The postcranial skeleton is similar to those of seymouriamorphs and diadectomorphs; these animals were grouped together with the captorhinids in the order Cotylosauria as the first reptiles in the early 20th century,[1] but are now usually regarded as stem-amniotes no closer to reptiles than to mammals. Captorhinids have broad, robust skulls that are generally triangular in shape when seen in dorsal view. The premaxillae are characteristically downturned. The largest captorhinid, the herbivorous Moradisaurus, could reach an estimated snout-vent length of 2 meters (6.5 feet).[2] Early, smaller forms possessed single rows of teeth, and were likely carnivorous or omnivorous, while the larger, more derived captorhinids belonging to the subfamily Moradisaurinae were herbivorous and developed multiple (up to 11) rows of teeth in the jaws alongside propalinal (back and forth) jaw motion, which created an effective apparatus for grinding and shredding plant matter.[3]
Histological and SEM analysis of captorhinid tail vertebrae concluded in a 2018 study that captorhinids were the first amniotes to develop caudal autotomy as a defensive function. In studied specimens a split line is present in certain caudal vertebrae that is similar to those found in modern reptiles that perform caudal autonomy. This behaviour represented significant evolutionary benefit for the animals, allowing for escape and distracting predators, as well as minimizing blood loss at an injury site.[4]
Discovery and history
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Euconcordia cunninghami is thought to be the basalmost known member of Captorhinidae. A phylogenic study of primitive reptile relationships by Muller & Reisz in 2006 recovered Thuringothyris as a sister taxon of the Captorhinidae.[5] The same results were obtained in later phylogenic analyses.[6][7]
Captorhinidae contains a single subfamily, the Moradisaurinae. Moradisaurinae was named and assigned to the family Captorhinidae by A. D. Ricqlès and P. Taquet in 1982. Moradisaurinae was defined as "all captorhinids more closely related to Moradisaurus than to Captorhinus". The moradisaurines inhabited what is now China, Morocco, Niger, Russia, Texas and Oklahoma.[6]
Captorhinids were once thought to be the ancestors of turtles. The Middle Permian reptile Eunotosaurus from South Africa was seen as the "missing link" between cotylosaurs and chelonians throughout much of the early 20th century.[8] However, more recent fossil finds have shown that Eunotosaurus was either a parareptile or a diapsid, and therefore unrelated to captorhinids.[9][10]
Classification
editTaxonomy
editThe following taxonomy follows Reisz et al., 2011 and Sumida et al., 2010 unless otherwise noted.[6][7]
- Family Captorhinidae
- Dubious Captorhinids
- Puercosaurus
- Riabininus
- Chamasaurus
Phylogeny
editThe cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Robert R. Reisz, Jun Liu, Jin-Ling Li and Johannes Müller.[6]
Simões et al. (2022) recovered captorhinids as stem-amniotes instead, as the sister group to Protorothyris archeri, while the clade including captorhinids and P. archeri was recovered as the sister group to Araeoscelidia. A cladogram from that study is shown below.[17] Using the same data matrix, Klembara et al. (2023) found a similar result.[18]
References
edit- ^ Goodrich, E.S. (1916). "On the classification of the Reptilia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 89B (615): 261–276. Bibcode:1916RSPSB..89..261G. doi:10.1098/rspb.1916.0012.
- ^ Multiple tooth-rowed captorhinids from the early Permian fissure fills of the Bally Mountain Locality of Oklahoma
- ^ Brocklehurst, Neil (2017-04-13). "Rates of morphological evolution in Captorhinidae: an adaptive radiation of Permian herbivores". PeerJ. 5: e3200. doi:10.7717/peerj.3200. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5392250. PMID 28417061.
- ^ LeBlanc, A. R. H.; MacDougall, M. J.; Haridy, Y.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R. R. (2018-03-05). "Caudal autotomy as anti-predatory behaviour in Palaeozoic reptiles". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3328. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3328L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21526-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5838224. PMID 29507301.
- ^ Muller, J. and Reisz, R.R. (2006). "The phylogeny of early eureptiles: Comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade." Systematic Biology, 55(3):503-511. doi:10.1080/10635150600755396
- ^ a b c d Robert R. Reisz; Jun Liu; Jin-Ling Li; Johannes Müller (2011). "A new captorhinid reptile, Gansurhinus qingtoushanensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Permian of China". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (5): 435–441. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..435R. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0793-0. PMID 21484260. S2CID 20274349.
- ^ a b Sumida, S.S.; Dodick, J.; Metcalf, A.; Albright, G. (2010). "Reiszorhinus olsoni, a new single-tooth-rowed captorhinid reptile of the Lower Permian of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 704–714. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..704S. doi:10.1080/02724631003758078. S2CID 31500853.
- ^ Watson, D.M.S. (1914). "Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley and the ancestors of the Chelonia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 11: 1011–1020.
- ^ "Facts About Turtles: Eunotosaurus And Turtle Evolution". All-About-Reptiles.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ Schoch, R. R.; Sues, H.-D. (2015). "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature. 523 (7562): 584–587. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..584S. doi:10.1038/nature14472. PMID 26106865.
- ^ Nor-Eddine Jalil; Jean-Michel Dutuit (1996). "Permian captorhinid reptiles from the Argana formation, Morocco" (PDF). Palaeontology. 39 (4): 907–918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
- ^ W. J. May & Richard L. Cifelli (1998). "Baeotherates fortsillensis, A New Captorhinid Reptile from the Fort Sill Fissures, Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geology Notes. 58: 128–137.
- ^ a b The Paleobiology Database: Moradisaurinae Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Reisz, R. R.; Chatterjee, S.; Modesto, S. P. (2024). "A new moradisaurine captorhinid reptile (Amniota: Eureptilia) from the upper Permian of India". PeerJ. 12: e18394. doi:10.7717/peerj.18394. PMC 11569782.
- ^ Jung, J. P.; Sues, H.-D. (2024). "Reassessment of 'Captorhinikos' chozaensis, an early Permian (Cisuralian: Kungurian) captorhinid reptile from Oklahoma and north-central Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 98 (1): 115–127. Bibcode:2024JPal...98..115J. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.85.
- ^ Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E; Galobart, À; Fortuny, J (2023). "A new medium-sized moradisaurine captorhinid eureptile from the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) and correlation with the co-occurring ichnogenus Hyloidichnus". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (3): e1498. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1498M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1498.
- ^ Simões, T. R.; Kammerer, C. F.; Caldwell, M. W.; Pierce, S. E. (2022). "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles". Science Advances. 8 (33): eabq1898. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.1898S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898. PMC 9390993. PMID 35984885.
- ^ Klembara, J.; Ruta, M.; Anderson, J.; Mayer, T.; Hain, M.; Valaška, D. (2023). "A review of Coelostegus prothales Carroll and Baird, 1972 from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic and the interrelationships of basal eureptiles". PLOS ONE. 18 (9): e0291687. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1891687K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291687. PMC 10513281. PMID 37733816.
