Bureau is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- André Bureau (1935–2019), Canadian lawyer and communications executive
- Jacques Bureau (1860–1933), Canadian politician
- Jean Bureau (c. 1390–1463) French artillery commander at the end of the hundred years war
- Jean Pierre Roman Bureau (1770–1851), French-born American co-founder of Gallipolis, Ohio and member of the Ohio General Assembly
- Gaspard Bureau ( died 1469) French artillery officer at the end of the hundred years war, and brother of Jean
- Louis Édouard Bureau (1830–1918), French physician and botanist
- Marc Bureau (ice hockey) (born 1966), Canadian ice hockey player
- Marc Bureau (politician) (born 1955), Canadian politician; mayor of Gatineau
- Stéphan Bureau (born 1964), Canadian television journalist