Wikipedia

Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander

(Redirected from Britten-Norman BN-2T Turbine Islander)

The Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander is a British light utility aircraft and regional airliner designed and originally manufactured by Britten-Norman of the United Kingdom. Still in production, the Islander is one of the best-selling commercial aircraft types produced in Europe. Although designed in the 1960s, over 750 are still in service with commercial operators around the world. The aircraft is a light transport with over 30 military aviation operators around the world.

Islander
A Winair Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander
General information
TypeUtility aircraft/airliner
National originUnited Kingdom
ManufacturerBritten-Norman
Designer
John Britten, Desmond Norman
StatusActive service
Number built1,280
History
Manufactured1965–present
First flight13 June 1965
VariantsBritten-Norman Defender
Developed intoBritten-Norman Trislander

Initial aircraft were manufactured at Britten-Norman's factory in Bembridge, Isle of Wight, UK. After Fairey Aviation acquired the Britten-Norman company, its Islanders and Trislander aircraft were built in Romania, then shipped to Avions Fairey in Belgium for finishing before being flown to the UK for flight certification. The Islander has been in production for more than 50 years.

In September 2023, it was announced that production of the Islander has returned to the UK, after fifty-five years of manufacturing abroad. Several countries made Letters of Intent to buy Islanders, creating new jobs and possibly a new hangar. [1]

Development

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Origins

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In 1953, Britten-Norman was formed for the purpose of converting and operating agricultural aircraft, amongst other vehicles such as the Cushioncraft hovercraft.[2][3] In 1963, the firm initiated development work upon what would become the Islander, having sensed a demand for a simple and inexpensive twin-piston engine aircraft.[4] The founders, John Britten[5] and Desmond Norman, had observed the rapid growth of the commuter airline sector, and concluded that capacity was of a higher value to these operators than either range or cruising speed, thus the Islander emphasized payload over either of these attributes.[3]

Through the use of low wing- and span-loading to generate greater effectiveness than conventional counterparts, the Islander could lift considerably heavier payloads than the typical aircraft in its power, weight or cost classes.[6] To reduce manufacturing costs, both the wings and tail surfaces maintain a constant chord and thickness, while the ribs within the aircraft's wing are all identical; both rivets and external fishplate joints are used for the same purpose.[7] The type was originally intended to use a fabric-and-steel design. A light alloy monocoque approach was adopted instead.[4] The structure is designed to give rise to and experience low levels of stress, and has an infinite fatigue life without testing.[7]

 
The prototype BN-2 Islander displayed at the 1965 Paris Air Show six days after its maiden flight

On 13 June 1965, the first prototype BN-2 Islander conducted its maiden flight, powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce/Continental IO-360B piston engines; only four days later, the prototype appeared at the Paris Air Show.[4][8] The IO-360B engines were later replaced by more powerful Lycoming O-540-E engines, which were located further outboard on the wings, for superior single-engine climb performance.[4] On 20 August 1966, a second BN-2 prototype performed its first flight. These prototype aircraft, while resembling subsequent production models for the most part, were outfitted with different, less powerful engines.[9] On 24 April 1967, the first production Islander performed its first flight; UK type certification was received in August 1967, US authorities also certified the type in December 1967.[4]

Initial production of the Islander started at the Britten-Norman factory at Bembridge on the Isle of Wight; however, within a few years the company found that it could not produce the aircraft at a sufficient rate to keep up with the customer demand.[2][10] To expand production, a contract was placed with Intreprinderea de Reparatii Material Aeronautic (IRMA) of Romania, initially to assemble kit-form aircraft, which were then sent to the UK for completion. In August 1969, the first Romanian-assembled Islander performed its first flight.[4] IRMA proved successful at economically producing the aircraft, producing roughly 30-40 aircraft per year at times, and eventually became the primary manufacturing site for the Islander.[2][4] In 1977, IRMA received a contract for the production of a further 100 Islanders; from that point on, the firm produced all subsequent Islander aircraft.[4][11] More than 500 of the type were manufactured in Romania.[12]

In 1970, a military version of the Islander, marketed as the Defender, conducted its first flight. Modifications included the addition of underwing hardpoints for armaments/equipment, and the main cabin area being fitted out for light troop transport and support aircraft duties.[4] The Defender capitalised on the aircraft's rugged structure, making it suitable for long-term operations in developing countries. Purchases from police and military customers have typically been for use in surveillance and counter-terrorism operations. The Maritime Defender is another military version of the Islander, intended for search and rescue, coastal patrol and fishery protection.

 
A Seychellois Stamp with an illustration of a Britten-Norman Islander, 1981

Further development

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Despite the relative success of the Islander, Britten-Norman experienced wider financial difficulties during the late 1960s, ultimately resulting in the company entering receivership in October 1971.[4] In August 1972, Britten-Norman was purchased by the Fairey Aviation Group, forming the Fairey Britten-Norman company; shortly thereafter, the majority of manufacturing activity for both the Islander and Trislander was transferred to its Avions Fairey factory in Gosselies, Belgium. Completed aircraft were flown to Bembridge for final customer preparation prior to delivery.[2][13][14]

 
Inflight BN-2T

Fairey Aviation set about the development of a more powerful model, the Turbo Islander, equipped with a pair of Lycoming LTP101 turboprop engines. However, testing revealed that the LTP101 engines were too powerful for the aircraft; thus, following a period of re-designing, the project evolved into the Turbine Islander (BN-2T), equipped with a pair of Allison 250 turboprop engines instead.[2] However, Fairey encountered financial difficulty, resulting in the Fairey Britten-Norman company entering receivership and the firm's acquisition by Oerlikon Buerle of Switzerland, leading to the formation of Pilatus Britten-Norman, whereupon some production activity was transferred back to Bembridge.[2][4]

Another development was a turbo-normalizing system with RaJay turbocharger for the -2, -3, -6, -8, and -9 models allowing full power up to 14,000 feet (4,300 metres) with attendant increase in true airspeed and takeoff and climb performance. Presently Talco in Texas holds the STC.

In 1969, an improved version, the BN-2A Islander, conducted its maiden flight. It incorporated aerodynamic and flight equipment improvements, such as lower-drag engine cowlings and undercarriage, an improved interior, and an expanded rear baggage area with external access.[4] In 1970, to improve hot-and-high performance, more powerful Lycoming O-540-K1-B5 engines were made available, alongside optional tiptanks and an elongated nose to house baggage.[4]

 
Islander equipped with ducted fans, 1978

In 1977, a single standard BN-2 was refitted with Dowty Rotol ducted fans. The ducted fan produced less noise than conventional propeller propulsion. Some structural strengthening of the main wing spar at the root was required due to the extra weight.[15] This aircraft was subject to 18 months of flying trials to test the suitability of the ducted fan as a means of reducing aircraft noise; these tests reportedly demonstrated a 20 decibel noise reduction as well as increased thrust and reduced pollution.[4][16]

In 1978, a further improved version, the BN-2B Islander II, was produced as a result of a product improvement program. The BN-2B model involved several changes, including a redesigned cockpit and a reduction in cabin noise levels.[4] In 1980, it was decided to make available turboprop engines for the type, adopting twin Allison 250-B17C engines; when the latter are installed, the aircraft is designated the BN-2T Turbine Islander. The first such BN-2T entered service in 1981.[4]

In February 1999, the acquisition of Romaero, the Romanian manufacturer of the Islander, by Britten-Norman Group was announced.[17][18] By May 2006, a greater sales emphasis was being placed upon the Defender over the Islander.[19] In December 2006, aerospace publication Flight International observed that: "The only civil aircraft that remains in production in the UK is the tiny Britten-Norman Islander".[20]

In early 2008, B-N was studying a version powered by 350 hp (260 kW) aircraft diesel engines with SMA Engines, already offering the 230 hp (170 kW) SMA SR305-230.[21] In May 2010, Britten-Norman announced that manufacturing of the Islander would be relocated from Romania to a new site in the UK, due to the rising costs of production in Romania.[22]

Return to UK manufacture

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In 2023 Britten-Norman reactivated their original production line at Bembridge in the Isle of Wight and closed down overseas manufacture. New aircraft, to be produced at two per year initially and rising thereafter, are expected to continue the practice of incorporating progressive improvements to the current design. These include a glass cockpit from Garmin.[23]

Electric Project Fresson

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Main article: Project Fresson

In conjunction with Britten-Norman, Cranfield Aerospace Solutions (CAeS), a subsidiary of Cranfield University, is developing an electric propulsion system for the over 700 Islanders currently operated.[24][23]

Trislander

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Main article: Britten-Norman Trislander

In 1968, the original second Islander prototype was re-used for a further development programme, being modified into a stretched aircraft with greater capacity, referred to as the Super Islander. However, the Super Islander programme was aborted without proceeding to certification.[4] The prototype later received further design changes to produce the three-engined version, the BN-2A Mk III Trislander.[2] This aircraft has a stretched fuselage, modified landing gear and a third engine, which is mounted on the tail.[4] On 11 September 1970, the Trislander prototype conducted its maiden flight, appearing at the 1970 Farnborough Air Show the same day.[4]

Design

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Cockpit of a BN-2 Islander

The Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander is a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a rectangular fuselage and two wing-mounted engines; early aircraft were equipped with a pair of piston engines while later production models may be alternatively fitted with turboprop engines in their place.[4][9][25] The rectangular cross section fuselage, which is furnished with a conventional tail unit and fixed tricycle landing gear, can accommodate a single pilot and up to nine passengers in a commuter configuration, or operate in a mixed cargo/passenger capacity. The cabin can be rapidly reconfigured, allowing for a single aircraft to undertake a diverse range of tasks within a minimal period of time.[9][26] Often referring to the type as "The world's most versatile aircraft",[25] Britten-Norman promotes the Islander's low direct operating costs, minimal maintenance, and its stability in flight as major attributes of the aircraft.[26]

The original Islander was designed with an emphasis upon providing ease of access within the short haul sector to remote locations as a safe, efficient, and profitable transport aircraft.[25] It has been regularly used by such operators, including the frequent use of unprepared rough airstrips and from challenging terrain; the Islander being capable of short takeoff and landing (STOL) operations.[25] The low load height and wide side doors provide for easy access for passenger and cargo operations, while the aircraft's ability to maintain a high takeoff frequency has led to the type's use for parachuting.[25] For operating within noise-sensitive environments, silencers can be equipped on both the aircraft's engine and propellers.[27]

 
Exit in a parachuting exercise

Designed as a small and inexpensive commuter/utility aircraft, various cabin configurations and equipment loadouts are available to suit a wide variety of different purposes, including charter flights, scheduled flights, agricultural uses, aerial firefighting, air freight VIP/executive transport, aerial surveillance, air ambulance, paradropping, and law enforcement.[4][25] The design programme can be entirely personalized, allowing each customer to be involved in every area of the aircraft's manufacture to mold it to their preferences.[26] Later versions of the Islander offer various options, including enlarged bay doors, 3-bladed scimitar propellers, low drag fairings, modern interior, ergonomic leather seating, in-flight entertainment systems, and alternative seat arrangements; underwing hardpoints can also be installed for carrying pod, spray booms and other external stores.[25][26]

Operational history

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Immediately following commercial availability, US distributor Jonas Aircraft ordered 30 Islanders, and placed orders for another 112 aircraft within a year.[4][7] When equipped with four 54-gallon fuel tanks, the Islander was able to ferry itself across the transatlantic route, via Gander International Airport, Newfoundland, for US deliveries.[4] The Islander's long-range capabilities were highlighted when the type won the 1969 London-Sydney air race.[4]

In 1974, sales of the Islander surpassed the 548-order record for British multi-engine commercial aircraft.[4] In 1982, another production milestone was reached with the delivery of the 1,000th Islander.[4] From the 1980s onwards, sales noticeably declined; according to Britten-Norman Chief Executive William Hynett, this was due to the global market having become saturated by the type and there being only a low civil demand for additional aircraft, in part due to the longevity of in-service Islanders.[19] As of 2016, Britten-Norman claim that the Islander is in daily service with roughly 500 operators in more than 120 countries.[25]

Between 1976 and 2006, Scottish airline Loganair operated a number of Islanders as air ambulances, covering areas such as the island communities in the Hebrides.[28] The Islander services Loganair's Westray to Papa Westray flight, the shortest scheduled flight in the world at 1.7 mi (2.7 km); the scheduled flight time including taxiing is two minutes.[29][30][31]

Several commuter airlines and general aviation charter operators in the U.S. also flew the Islander including Stol Air Commuter in scheduled passenger service in northern California from their San Francisco International Airport (SFO) hub and Channel Islands Aviation in southern California which used the aircraft for the flights to Channel Islands National Park.[32][33] Another U.S. commuter airline operator was Wings Airways which operated high frequency shuttle service into the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL).[34]

By October 2019, 800 Islanders were in service including around 600 used for short flights.[35]

On August 28, 2023, Torres Strait Air stated that it is investing $16.3 million to upgrade its fleet with ten new Britten-Norman Islander aircraft.[citation needed]

Variants

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Source:[36]

BN-2
Prototype first flown in 1966 with two 260 hp (190 kW) Lycoming O-540-E4B5 piston engines.

BN-2A
Production version with minor modification from prototype and increased takeoff weight.
BN-2A-2
A BN-2A with modified flaps, and two 300 hp (220 kW) Lycoming IO-540-K1B5 (fuel injected) engines.
BN-2A-3
A BN-2A-2 with increased wingspan and fitted with extra wingtip fuel tanks.
BN-2A-6
A BN-2A with wing leading edge modifications and two 260 hp (190 kW) Lycoming O-540-E4C5 engine.
BN-2A-7
A BN-2A-6 with increased wingspan and fuel capacity.
BN-2A-8
A BN-2A-6 with droop flaps.
BN-2A-9
A BN-2A-7 with droop flaps.
BN-2A-10
A BN-2A-8 with increased takeoff weight and 270 hp (200 kW) Lycoming TIO-540-H1A (turbo-charged, fuel injected) engines.
BN-2A-20
A BN-2A-2 with increased takeoff weight and minor improvements.
BN-2A-21
A BN-2A-3 with increased takeoff weight.
BN-2A-23
A BN-2A-21 with lengthened nose.
BN-2A-24
A BN-2A-26 with lengthened nose.
BN-2A-25
A BN-2A-27 with lengthened nose.
BN-2A-26
A BN-2A-8 with increased takeoff weight.
BN-2A-27
A BN-2A-9 with increased takeoff weight.
BN-2A-30
A BN-2A-20 fitted with floats. Twin floats were attached to the undercarriage legs and incorporated retractable landing gear.
BN-2A-41
Turbo Islander with lengthened nose, droop flaps and two Lycoming LTP-101 turboprops, first flown in 1977.
Britten-Norman BN-2B Defender
 
A Maltese Air Force Islander
Defender military variant with 300 hp (220 kW) IO-540-K1B5 engines and underwing hard points and military modifications.
BN-2B-20
A BN-2A-20 with improved soundproofing and increased landing weight and other minor modifications.
BN-2B-21
A BN-2A-21 with Model B improvements.
BN-2B-26
A BN-2A-26 with Model B improvements.
BN-2B-27
A BN-2A-27 with Model B improvements.
BN-2T
Turbine Islander based on BN-2A-26 with two 320 shp (240 kW) Allison 250-B17C turboprops. Seating for up to 9 passengers.
 
Islander CC2 of the RAF
Islander AL1
Variant of the BN-2T for communications and reconnaissance duties with the British Army; seven built. Used for aerial reconnaissance and photography in Northern Ireland during Operation Banner by No. 1 Flight Army Air Corps based at Aldergrove.[37] 1 Flight was later integrated into No. 651 Squadron.[38] Redesignated Islander R1 in 2019 after being transferred to the Royal Air Force.[39]
Islander CC2 and CC2A
Variant of the BN-2T for the Royal Air Force; three operated.[40][41][42] These aircraft were retired from the RAF in 2017.[43]
Maritime-Defender
Armed maritime reconnaissance and patrol aircraft.
BN-2A-III Trislander
Three-engined Trislander, a stretched BN-2A with 18 seats and three 260 hp (190 kW) Lycoming O-540-E4C5 piston engines.

Operators

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Military and government

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Armed Force of Malta Britten-Norman Islander at the 2015 Malta International Airshow
  Abu Dhabi
  Angola
  Antigua and Barbuda
  Belgium
  Belize
  Botswana
  Cambodia
  Central African Republic
  Ciskei
  Cyprus
  Denmark
  Falkland Islands
  Gambia
  Ghana
  Guyana
  Haiti
  Hong Kong
  India
  Indonesia
  Ireland
  Israel
  Jamaica
  Madagascar
  Malawi
  Mali
  Malta
  Mauritania
  Mauritius
  Mexico
  Myanmar
  Nepal
  Oman
  Pakistan
  Panama
  Philippines
  Qatar
  Rhodesia
  Romania
  Rwanda
  Senegal
  Seychelles
  South Africa
  Suriname
  Thailand
  Turkey
  United Arab Emirates
  United Kingdom
  Venezuela
  Zaire
  Zimbabwe

Civilian

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Vieques Air Link Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander at Benjamín Rivera Noriega Airport
  Australia
  Antigua and Barbuda
  Bahrain
  Belize
  Brazil
  British Virgin Islands
  Canada
  Curaçao
  Fiji
  France
  Germany
  Greece
  Ireland
  Montserrat
  New Zealand
  Puerto Rico
  United Kingdom
  United States
  Vanuatu

Former operators

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  Finland
  Germany
  Indonesia
  Iraq
  Iceland
  Montserrat
  • Air Montserrat
  Mauritius
  New Zealand
  Philippines
  Papua New Guinea
  Republic of China
  Somalia
  United Kingdom
  United States

Accidents

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2005 Loganair Islander accident Wreckage

Specifications (BN-2B Islander)

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Front view, on ground
 
Side view, on ground
 
Planform view, showing low aspect ratio wing
 
Inflight front view from below

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89[127]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Capacity: 9 passengers / 2,048 lb (929 kg) maximum payload
  • Length: 35 ft 7+3⁄4 in (10.86 m)
  • Wingspan: 49 ft 0 in (14.94 m)
  • Height: 13 ft 8+3⁄4 in (4.18 m)
  • Wing area: 325.0 sq ft (30.19 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 7.4:1
  • Airfoil: NACA 23012
  • Empty weight: 4,114 lb (1,866 kg) equipped (without avionics)
  • Max takeoff weight: 6,600 lb (2,994 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 137 imp gal (165 US gal; 620 L)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming O-540-E4C5 6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engines, 260 hp (190 kW) each
  • Propellers: 2-bladed Hartzell HC-C2YK-2B constant speed propellers, 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 148 kn (170 mph, 274 km/h) at sea level
  • Cruise speed: 130 kn (150 mph, 240 km/h) at 12,000 ft (3,700 m) (59% power)
  • Stall speed: 40 kn (46 mph, 74 km/h) (flaps down)
  • Never exceed speed: 183 kn (211 mph, 339 km/h)
  • Range: 755 nmi (869 mi, 1,398 km) at 130 kn (150 mph; 241 km/h) and 12,000 ft (3,700 m) (59% power, standard fuel)
  • Service ceiling: 11,300 ft (3,400 m)
  • Rate of climb: 860 ft/min (4.4 m/s) at sea level
  • Take-off run to 50 ft (15 m): 1,218 ft (370 m) (at sea level)
  • Landing run from 50 ft (15 m): 980 ft (300 m) (at sea level)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Toogood, Darren (22 September 2023). "BACK TO BRITAIN FOR BRITTEN-NORMAN AS PRODUCTION OF ICONIC ISLANDER RETURNS TO BEMBRIDGE". islandecho.co.uk. Island Echo. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Simpson 1991, p. 77
  3. ^ a b Fricker 1968, p. 75
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Goold, Ian. "Britten-Norman Islander celebrates 40th anniversary." Archived 15 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine AIN Online, 16 October 2006.
  5. ^ "John Britten obituary" (PDF). Flight International. 16 July 1977. p. 187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  6. ^ Fricker 1968, pp. 75–76
  7. ^ a b c Fricker 1968, p. 76
  8. ^ Green 1976, p. 52.
  9. ^ a b c Orbis 1985, p. 992
  10. ^ Fricker, John (December 1968). "Foreign Accent". Flying. Vol. 83, no. 6. p. 26. ISSN 0015-4806. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016.
  11. ^ Hamilton-Paterson 2010, p. 255
  12. ^ "Romaero". Romaero. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  13. ^ "Avions Fairey Gosselies & Sonaca: a Tips of genie". Belgian Aircraft History Association. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  14. ^ Fricker, John (September 1977). "Past and Present". Flying. Vol. 101, no. 3. p. 271. ISSN 0015-4806. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016.
  15. ^ Hirst, Mike (16 July 1977). "Building the quiet Islander" (PDF). Flight International. p. 210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Reporting Points". Flying. October 1977. p. 25. ISSN 0015-4806. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Britten-Norman takes over Romania's Romaero". Aviation Week. 8 February 1999. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.
  18. ^ "Britten-Norman enjoys new Romanian rhapsody". Flight International. 14 June 1999. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016.
  19. ^ a b Morrison, Murdo (20 June 2006). "Great Britten". Flight International. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016.
  20. ^ Kingsley-Jones, Max (22 December 2006). "Final landing: A history of the UK aircraft industry (or 'Why Britain botched building airliners')". Flight International. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016.
  21. ^ Charles Alcock (14 January 2008). "B-N putting a positive spin on its propeller-driven aircraft". AIN online.
  22. ^ Morrison, Murdo (28 May 2010). "Britten-Norman brings production back to the UK". Flight International. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016.
  23. ^ a b Craig Hoyle. ‘New dawn’ for Britten-Norman, as it opens repatriated Islander production line, FlightGlobal, 22-09-023. (Retrieved 26-09-2023)
  24. ^ Tony Osborne (26 October 2018). "Loganair Visions Electric Island-Hopping Flight First". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h "Islands: The World's Most Versatile Aircraft." Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Britten Norman, Retrieved: 25 March 2016.
  26. ^ a b c d "Islander." Archived 21 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Britten Norman, Retrieved: 25 March 2016.
  27. ^ "Pilatus Britten-Norman will adopt Islander silencer." Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 7 January 1998.
  28. ^ Lowton, Edward. "“At what altitude did you have your baby?” National Museum of Flight seeks mothers who gave birth midflight." Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Culture 24, 16 June 2015.
  29. ^ "Getting here is easy, by sea or air." Westray and Papa Westray, Retrieved: 25 March 2016.
  30. ^ "Final trip for Orkney shortest flight pilot." Archived 4 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 23 May 2013.
  31. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David. "VIDEO: Loganair brings back 'world's shortest' flight." Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 28 February 2011.
  32. ^ "March 1, 1975 Stol Air Commuter system timetable". Archived from the original on 2 February 2001. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  33. ^ "FlyCIA :: Flights to Channel Islands". Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  34. ^ "July 15, 1981 Wings Airways system timetable". Archived from the original on 2 February 2001. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  35. ^ Graham Warwick (7 October 2019). "The Week In Technology, Oct. 7-11, 2019". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  36. ^ Simpson 1991, pp. 78–79
  37. ^ Ripley & Chappel 1993, p. 30
  38. ^ "651 Squadron Army Air Corps". British Army. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017.
  39. ^ "RAF Islander Avionics Upgrade Contract". Warnesy's World. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  40. ^ Lake 2008, pp. 44–45
  41. ^ "Islander BN2T CC Mk2." Archived 4 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Royal Air Force. Retrieved: 22 November 2008. Note: While officially described as communications and photo survey aircraft, these aircraft are believed to also operate in a surveillance role.
  42. ^ Lake 2008, pp. 45–46
  43. ^ "RAF Islanders Replaced by Civilian-Contracted Aircraft". Warnesy's World. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g Taylor 1976, p. 175
  45. ^ "World Air Forces 2010" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  46. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda Air Wing to be established". 6 March 2022.
  47. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 13
  48. ^ a b Hoyle 2021, p. 14
  49. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 15
  50. ^ Flight International 27 November–3 December 1991, p. 41
  51. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 17
  52. ^ "Flere fly til overvågningsopgaver" [More aircraft for surveillance tasks]. Defence Command Denmark (Press release) (in Danish). 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  53. ^ "Falkland Islands Government Aviation Service". fig.gov.fk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Krivinyi 1994, p. 137.
  55. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 19
  56. ^ Flight International 28 November 1987, p. 60
  57. ^ a b Hoyle 2021, p. 20
  58. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 21
  59. ^ Islander 2005, p. 155.
  60. ^ Hagedorn 1993, pp. 137–138
  61. ^ a b c d Krivinyi 1983, p. 238.
  62. ^ a b Hoyle 2021, p. 23
  63. ^ a b Hoyle 2021, p. 24
  64. ^ "Mauritius Coast Guard Defender". Air International. Vol. 79, no. 4. October 2010. p. 20. ISSN 0306-5634.
  65. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 25
  66. ^ Flight International 14–20 December 2010, p. 44.
  67. ^ a b Hoyle 2021, p. 27
  68. ^ "PCG Islander aircraft maintenance budget items" (PDF). Philippine Coast Guard. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  69. ^ Brent, W. A., "Rhodesian Air Force – A Brief History 1947–1980", Freeworld Publications, 1988, p. 13-23.
  70. ^ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 47.
  71. ^ Islander 2005, p. 166.
  72. ^ "G-INFO G-BSWR". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  73. ^ Flight International 27 November–3 December 1991, p. 71
  74. ^ Hoyle 2021, p. 34
  75. ^ "Par Avion - Fleet". paravion.com. Retrieved 10 September 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  76. ^ "Torres Strait Air - Fleet". torresair.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
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