Breastfeeding is highly regarded in Islam. The Qur'an regards it as a sign of love between the mother and child. In Islamic law, breastfeeding creates ties of milk kinship (known as raḍāʿ or riḍāʿa (Arabic: رضاع, رضاعة pronounced [riˈdˤaːʕ(a)])) that has implications in family law.[1][2] Muslims throughout the world have varied breastfeeding traditions.
Quran and hadith
editSeveral Qur'anic verses, all dating from the Medinan period, lay down the Islamic ethic of breastfeeding [3]: 106 Quran 28:7 and Quran 28:12 refer to the nursing of Islamic prophet Moses to emphasize the loving bond between baby Moses and his mother.[3]: 106 Breastfeeding is implied as a basic Maternal bond in Quran 22:2, which considers a mother neglecting nursing of her child as an unusual sign.[3]: 106
Breastfeeding is considered a basic right of every infant, according to the Qur'an.[4] Quran 2:233. In the case where the child's mother has been divorced by the child's father before or after delivery within the breastfeeding period, the Qur'an also calls on fathers to sponsor the child's nursing by providing food and clothing for the child's mother for duration of breastfeeding, although it allows for earlier weaning of the child by mutual consent of both mother and father.[3]: 106 The same verse also allows for motherly breastfeeding to be substituted by wet nursing.[3]: 106 Quran 65:6–7 expects the father of the child to be generous towards the wet nurse.[5]: 477
The Quran regards ties due to milk kinship similar to ties due to blood kinship.[5]: 477 Therefore Quran 4:23 prohibits a man from having sexual relations with his "milk mother" or "milk sister";[3]: 107 hadith explain that the wet-nurse's husband is also included as a milk kin,[5]: 477 eg. a woman may not marry her wet-nurse's husband. According to scholars, this prohibition is not found in the Jewish and Christian tradition, though it is found in matrilineal groups.[3]: 107
In Islamic law
editBreastfeeding is considered one of the most fundamental rights of a child in Islamic law.[4] Muslim jurists have given extensive treatment to this topic, for example Al-Mawardi (d. 1058) wrote an entire treatise Kitab al-rada on the topic of breastfeeding.[4] This includes the specifics related to the right of being breastfed, as well as implications of breastfeeding on prohibiting marriage between individuals related by milk kinship.
Right to breastfeeding
editThe right to be breastfed is considered one of the most important rights of a child in Islamic law.[4] If the mother is unable to breastfeed the child, then the father must pay a wet nurse to do so.[6] If the parents of the child are divorced, the father must compensate his former wife with payments during breastfeeding.[7] The Jafaris further opine that a mother has the right to compensation for breastfeeding even if the parents are married.[6] However, the Sunni schools of thought disagree, arguing the father is not obligated to pay the mother if the two are divorced;[6] the wife already has the right to maintenance (food and clothing) under Islamic law.[8]
Some opinions hold that a mother has the right to breastfeed her children, but can choose not to if she wishes.[8] This is an extension of the general principle, in Islamic law, that a mother has the right to raise her children, but she may renounce this right as it is not her duty.[8]
Breastfeeding in Ramadan
editIf a woman is breastfeeding, they do not have to fast during Ramadan. But they can choose to fast if they want to. Fasting can cause difficulties in breastfeeding.[9]
Milk kinship for infants
editThe Qur'an regards breastfeeding to establish milk kinship which has implications for marriage.
Islamic jurisprudence extensively discusses the precise delineation of which relationships are subject to prohibition once the milk relationship is established. Shi'ite Islam also prohibits marriage to the consanguineous kin of a milk-parent as per the Qur'an. In Shi'ite societies, the wet nurse was always from a subordinate group, so that marriage to her kin would not have been likely. Texts mentioned that Ahmad ibn Hanbal, founder of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence, also dealt with similar questions.[10]
The minimum number of sucklings necessary to establish the milk-kinship, has been the subject of extensive debate. For the adherents of older schools of law, such as the Malikis and Hanafis, one suckling was enough. Others, such as the Shafiʿis, maintain that the minimum number was five or ten, arguing that a Qur'ānic verse had once stipulated this number until had been abrogated from the Qur'ānic text, but the ruling was still in place. Imam Malik, however, believed that the ruling was abrogated along with the wording.[11][12]
Adult suckling
editThe following tradition (hadith) treats both this topic as well as that of radāʿ al-kabīr, or suckling of an adult or breastfeeding an adult and number of sucklings:
Urwah ibn al-Zubayr reports that the Prophet commanded the wife of Abū Hudhayfa to feed her husband's mawlā [i.e. servant], Sālim, so that he could go on living with them [upon attaining manhood].[13][14][15][16]
For most jurists (Ibn Hazm being one prominent exception), the bar to marriage was effective only if the nursling was an infant. Yet even these allowed that a new relationship resulted between the two; Ibn Rushd, for example, ruled that the woman could now comport herself more freely in front of the nursed adult male, such as appearing before him unveiled.[17] The famous traditionist Muhammad al-Bukhari was forced to resign his position of mufti and leave the city of Bukhara after ruling that two nurslings who suckled from the same farm animal became milk-siblings.[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ (Giladi 1999, p. 69)
- ^ G. J. H. van Gelder, Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature, ISBN 1-85043-855-2, p. 93
- ^ a b c d e f g Giladi, Avner. "Lactation". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Vol. 3. pp. 106–107.
- ^ a b c d Benaouda Bensaid (2019). "Breastfeeding as a Fundamental Islamic Human Right". Journal of Religion and Health.
- ^ a b c Giladi, Avner. "Wet-nursing". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Vol. 5. pp. 476–77.
- ^ a b c Jamal Nasir (1990). The Islamic Law of Personal Status. p. 172.
- ^ Vincent J. Cornell, ed. (2007). Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition. Vol. 1. Praeger. p. 86.
- ^ a b c Ronak Husni, Daniel L. Newman (2007). Muslim Women in Law and Society. Taylor & Francis. p. 59.
- ^ "Advice for pregnant and breastfeeding women before fasting in Ramadan". hamad.qa. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ (Giladi 1999, p. 70)
- ^ John Burton, The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation, ISBN 0-7486-0108-2, pp. 156–158
- ^ Burton, Naskh, Encyclopaedia of Islam
- ^ John Burton, The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation, pp. 157
- ^ "Hadith - The Book of Suckling - Sahih Muslim - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
- ^ "Hadith - The Book of Suckling - Sahih Muslim - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
- ^ "قصة سالم ورضاعه من السيدة سهلة". 24 July 2021.
- ^ (Giladi 1999, p. 86)
- ^ Giladi, Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses, p. 69
Further reading
edit- John Burton (1990). The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0108-2.
- John Burton and Joseph Schacht (1999). "Radā". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM v. 1.0 ed.).
- Giladi, Avner (1999). Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses: Medieval Islamic Views on Breastfeeding and Their Social Implications. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11223-5.