Betsey Guppy Chamberlain (1797–1886) was a textile mill worker who wrote sketches and poetry that were published in The Lowell Offering. Her co-worker, Harriet Hanson Robinson claimed that Chamberlain "had inherited Indian blood"[1] and some sources claim she was Native American;[2] however, there is little identifiable evidence to support the claim.[3][4] Some of her writing in the Lowell Offering protests the treatment of Native people by the U.S. government.[5]
Betsey Chamberlain | |
|---|---|
| Born | Betsey Guppy 1797 |
| Died | 1886 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Author |
| Known for | A Fire-Side Scene |
Biography
editEarly life
editAccording to some sources, Guppy was of mixed Flemish/English and Algonquian descent.[6] Judith Ranta argues that Guppy's "Native ancestry almost certainly derives from a tribe of the Algonkian Confederacy,"[7] based on the specific geographic area where the family lived and the fact that "Guppy family oral tradition" claims that her paternal grandmother, "Sarah Loud Guppy, was an Abenaki woman."[8] However, it is important to note that census records from 1830 through 1880 identify her as a "free white" female.[9]
Betsey Guppy was born on 29 December 1797 in Brookfield, New Hampshire.[10] She was the daughter of William Guppy and Comfort Meserve.[11] During her early childhood, her family moved to Wolfeboro, New Hampshire.[11] Her mother died in 1802 when she was four years old, and her father married a second wife—Sally Marden—the following year.[12] Her father, William, was frequently involved in legal troubles as both plaintiff and defendant; between 1799 and 1828, he was involved in twenty-nine Superior Court cases, with charges against him including theft, burglary, and assault.[12]
Betsey Guppy married Josiah Chamberlain in 1820, and had two children by him before he died in 1823.[11] In 1828, she sued her father to recover her dower; her suit was successful, restoring a portion of her husband Josiah's land to her that her father had attempted to take away through a bequest in his will.[13] Despite the legal success, she was still in financial trouble, and was forced to sell their small farm in Brookfield and travel to work in the mills, which paid decent wages for the time (considering the generally poor wages paid to women at the time), although the hours were long and working conditions often difficult.[14]
Lowell
editBetsey Chamberlain was recorded as joining the First Congregational Church in Lowell, Massachusetts in March 1831, and in April 1834 was married to Thomas Wright in that church.[11] The marriage did not seem to have lasted, and Betsey Chamberlain did not use the name "Wright" in later years.[15] According to Harriet Hanson Robinson, who worked with Guppy in the mills, "Mrs. Chamberlain was a widow, and came to Lowell with three children from some 'community' (probably the Shakers), where she had not been contented. She had inherited Indian blood, and was proud of it. She had long, straight black hair, and walked very erect, with great freedom of movement. One of her sons was afterwards connected with the New York Tribune."[16]
While in Lowell, Betsey worked in the mills and as a boardinghouse keeper.[11] Her sister, Harriet Guppy, also worked in Lowell.[17] From 1840 to 1843 Betsey published sketches in the Lowell Offering (1840-1845) and from 1848 to 1850 she contributed pieces to the New England Offering (1847-1850). Chamberlain used several pseudonyms including "Betsey", "B.C.", "Jemima", and "Tabitha."[18]
Later life
editIn 1843 Betsey Chamberlain and Charles Boutwell were married in Illinois. He was a widowed farmer with children of his own.[19] Betsey joined Charles on his farm in Wayne Station, DuPage County, Illinois. She returned to Lowell in 1848 and then returned to Illinois in 1850.[20] She had four husbands in total, dying at the age of eighty-eight.[8]
Work
editThirty-three prose works by Chamberlain were published in the Lowell Offering between 1840 and 1843, and five more in the New England Offering from 1848 to 1850.[6] A few of her writings, such as the 1842 The Indian Pledge and A Fire-Side Scene, are among the earliest protests against the persecution of Native Peoples to be published by a woman identified by some as having a Native American background.[21] The satirical A Fire-Side Scene is highly critical of the way the government was treating native people, implying that their actions were far from following Christian morality.[22] Most of her published pieces are sketches of village life and legends told from a woman's viewpoint, in which she shows great powers of observation, bringing her characters vividly to life.[6] Harriet Hanson Robinson said of her "Mrs. Chamberlain was the most original, the most prolific, and the most noted of all the early story-writers. Her writings were characterized, as Mr. Thomas says, 'by humorous incidents and sound common sense,' and is shown by her setting forth of certain utopian schemes of right living."[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- Citations
- ^ Hanson Robinson, Harriet Jane (1898). Loom and Spindle: Or, Life Among the Early Mill Girls. With a Sketch of "The Lowell Offering" and Some of Its Contributors. p. 145.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 3.
- ^ Senier, Siobhan (December 2004). "Review: The Life and Writings of Betsey Chamberlain: Native American Mill Worker by Judith A. Ranta". The New England Quarterly. 77: 672–675 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Bruchac, Margaret (Fall 2012). "The Life and Writings of Betsey Chamberlain: Native American Mill Worker (review)". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 24 (3): 138–141. doi:10.5250/studamerindilite.24.3.0138.
- ^ Ranta 2003, pp. 96–97.
- ^ a b c Porter & Roemer 2005, p. 161.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 7.
- ^ a b Ranta 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 41.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 86.
- ^ a b c d e Ranta 2003, p. 231.
- ^ a b Ranta 2003, p. 28.
- ^ Ranta 2003, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. xi.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 47-48.
- ^ a b Robinson 1898, p. 145.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 48.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. xii.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 52.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 53.
- ^ Ranta 2003, p. 10.
- ^ Murphy 2008, p. 73.
- Sources
- McNeese, Tim (2003-09-01). Revolutionary War. Lorenz Educational Press. ISBN 978-0-7877-0583-1. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
- Murphy, Annalyssa Gypsy (2008). Dissent Along the Borders of the Fourth World: Native American Writings as Social Protest. ISBN 978-0-549-51859-4. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
- Porter, Joy; Roemer, Kenneth M. (2005-07-21). The Cambridge Companion To Native American Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82283-1. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
- Ranta, Judith A. (2003-04-01). The Life and Writings of Betsey Chamberlain: Native American Mill Worker. UPNE. ISBN 978-1-55553-564-3. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
- Robinson, Harriet (1898). Loom and Spindle. Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-4524-7. Retrieved 2012-07-05.