Battle of Kafir Qala

Battle of Kafir Qala
Date	June 1818
Location	Kafir Qala, Afghanistan
Result	Inconclusive
Belligerents
Durrani Empire	Qajar Iran
Commanders and leaders
Fateh Khan Barakzai (WIA); Sher dil Khan Barakzai; Kohandil Khan Barakzai; Sher Mohammad Hazara; Mohammad Khan Qaraei-Torbati	Dowlatshah; Mirza Abdul Wahhab Khan; Faiz Ali Khan

The Battle of Kafir Qala (Persian: نبرد کافر قلعه, romanized: Nabard-e Kāfir Qal'ah) was fought in June 1818 between Iran and the Durrani Empire.

The Persians had captured Herat in 1816 but were forced to abandon it when the Afghans resisted the occupation of the city with an intense guerrilla war on the countryside. In 1818 the Persian Shah, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, sent his son Prince Mohammad Ali Mirza, known as Dowlatshah, with a huge Persian army to recapture Herat. The Persians marched from Khorasan and met the Afghan army shortly after crossing the border in the town of Kafir Qala.

Battle

Although the exact numbers are debatable, all sources agree that the Durrani forces outnumbered the Qajars more than 2 to 1.^[1] The battle were set up as follows:

On Fateh Khan's right wing was Sherdil Khan with his Sistani, Firozkohi, and Jamshidi tribal forces.^[2] On the left side he placed Kohandil Khan with Herati, Taymani, and Darazi troops. The forces of Banyad Khan Hazara, chieftain of the Hazara tribesmen of Bakharz and Jam, were positioned on the right side with Sherdil Khan. Mohammad Khan Qara'i was positioned on the left side with Kohandil Khan.^[2]

On the Iranian side, Mirza ʿAbd al-Wahhab Khan “Mutamid al-Daula” and FayzʿAli Khan Qowanlu-ye Qajar formed the right side with their Khwajawand and 'Abd al-Maliki cavalry. In front of the right wing, Astarabadi infantry were placed with a single piece of artillery.^[2] The flank of the right wing included Husayn Qoli Khan Bayat Nishapuri with the infantry of Khorasan.

During the battle, Fateh Khan was shot in the mouth. This had a grave impact on the morale of the Afghan army, forcing them to retreat to Herat.^[1]

The result of the battle was inconclusive.^[1] Both armies fled from each other, and the Hazaras plundered the baggage of both.^[1]^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (2012). The History of Afghanistan. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23498-7.^{[page needed]}
^ Patterson, Michael O'Rourke (1988). A partial translation of 'Ayn al-Vaqayi' (Wellspring of Events): The third of twelve works in 'Bahr al-Fava'id: Kuliyat-i Riyazi' (Unlimited Benefits: The Complete Works of Riyazi) of Muhammad Yusuf (Thesis).^{[page needed]}

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[:1-1] Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.

[:0-2] McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (2012). The History of Afghanistan. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23498-7.^{[page needed]}

[3] Patterson, Michael O'Rourke (1988). A partial translation of 'Ayn al-Vaqayi' (Wellspring of Events): The third of twelve works in 'Bahr al-Fava'id: Kuliyat-i Riyazi' (Unlimited Benefits: The Complete Works of Riyazi) of Muhammad Yusuf (Thesis).^{[page needed]}

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