Ammunition Hill (Hebrew: גִּבְעַת הַתַּחְמֹשֶׁת, Giv'at HaTahmoshet; Arabic: تلة الذخيرة) was a fortified Jordanian military post in the northern part of Jordanian-ruled East Jerusalem and the western slope of Mount Scopus. It was the site of one of the fiercest battles of the Six-Day War.[1] Ammunition Hill is now a national memorial site.[2]
| Battle of Ammunition Hill | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Six-Day War | |||||||
 Trenches on Ammunition Hill, 1967, with the apartment buildings of the Shmuel HaNavi neighborhood in the background | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Israel |
 Jordan | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Mordechai Gur Shlomo Yossi Yafe Uzi Narkis |
Hussein bin Talal Zaid ibn Shaker | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Reinforced company | About 150 soldiers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 36 killed | 71 killed | ||||||
Historical background
Ammunition Hill was located west of a police academy, with a fortified trench connecting them. The site was built by the British during their Mandatory Palestine in the 1930s, and was used to store the police academy's ammunition. The Jordanian Arab Legion seized control of the hill during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,[3] severing the link between Mount Scopus and West Jerusalem. In the wake of the 1949 Armistice Agreements, parts of Mount Scopus remained an Israeli enclave[4] in Jordanian-held territory, with the Jordanians blocking access to Hadassah Medical Center and the campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on the hilltop.[4]
The post consisted of tens of bunkers built along the three main trench systems surrounding the hill, with fortified gun emplacements covering each trench. The living quarters for the Jordanian defenders of the hill were in a large underground bunker. At the time of the Six-Day War, the post was defended by a reinforced Jordanian company of 150 soldiers of the El-Hussein regiment (number 2).[3]
The battle
A decision was taken by the Israeli Jerusalem Command, under General Uzi Narkis, to forgo an aerial attack on the hill due to its proximity to civilian areas. Instead an artillery barrage was to be focused on the police post, followed by a ground attack using an enlarged paratroop company.
The size of the Israeli assault force was based on incorrect intelligence, which detailed the hill as being defended by a single platoon. When the ground assault began, the police academy was discovered to be empty of Jordanian troops, as they had taken shelter from the barrage in the bunker system of the hill, thereby enlarging the force defending the hill to one equal in size to the assault force rather than 1/3 of its size, as had been anticipated by Israeli Central Command.[1]
The fighting at the police academy and Ammunition Hill began on June 6, 1967, at 2:30 AM. The task of capturing the hill was given to the Israeli 3rd Company of the 66th Battalion, of the 55th Paratroopers Brigade, and during the battle, a force of the 2nd Company joined the fighting. The battle ended at 6:30 AM, although Israeli troops remained in the trenches due to sniper fire from Givat HaMivtar until the Harel Brigade overran that outpost in the afternoon.[3] 36 Israeli soldiers and 71 Jordanians were killed in the fighting.[1]
Ten of the soldiers who fought in this battle were given citations by the Israeli Chief of General Staff. The commander of the Paratroopers Brigade was Mordechai Gur. The commander of the 66th Battalion was Yossi Yafe.
Memorial site
In 1975, a memorial site and museum were inaugurated on the hill, preserving a part of the old post and opening a museum in the bunker. In addition, 182 olive trees were planted on the hill, commemorating the 182 Israeli soldiers who died in the battle for Jerusalem during the Six-Day War.[3] In 1987, the site was declared a national memorial site.[5] The main ceremony on Jerusalem Day is held here.[6]
In April 2019, Israel honoured Lieutenant General J. F. R. Jacob of the Indian Army with a commemorative plaque on the Ammunition Hill Wall of Honour.
An estimated 200,000 visitors tour the site each year, including 80,000 soldiers.[7] Ammunition Hill is also the main induction center for IDF paratroopers.[6][8]
In popular culture
The song Ammunition Hill (song) (Hebrew: גבעת התחמושת Givat Hatachmoshet), by Israeli song writer Yoram Taharlev is written about the battle.
References
- ^ a b c Fendel, Hillel (16 May 2007). "Jerusalem Day: Remembering the Critical Ammunition Hill Battle". Israel National News. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ The Mysteries of Jerusalem, Ammunition Hill Museum, 2007, Jerusalem, p.120-121
- ^ a b c d "Memories From Ammunition Hill". UJA Federation of Greater Toronto. 16 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ a b Israeli, Raphael (2002). Jerusalem Divided: The armistice regime, 1947-1967. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 0714652660.
- ^ "Ammunition Hill – National Memorial Site". ERETZ Magazine. 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ a b "About Ammunication Hill". Jewish National Fund. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Lidman, Melanie (20 February 2012). "Ammunition Hill closed, Six Day War vets protest". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Ammunition Hill". gojerusalem.com. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
Further reading
- Eli Landau, Jerusalem the Eternal: The Paratroopers' Battle for the City of David, Otpaz, Tel Aviv, 1968 - contains a detailed account of the Ammunition Hill action; by a journalist who was a former paratrooper who was present
- J. Robert Moskin, Among Lions: The Definitive Account of the 1967 Battle for Jerusalem, Arbor House, New York, 1982 - based on interviews with participants
- Abraham Rabinovich, the battle for Jerusalem: June 5-7, 1967, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972, LCCN 72--18858 - based almost entirely on about 300 individual interviews