The Baltimore World Trade Center is a 30-story skyscraper located on the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland designed by the architectural firm Pei Cobb Freed & Partners with principal architects Henry N. Cobb and Pershing Wong.[2][3]
| Baltimore World Trade Center | |
|---|---|
 Baltimore World Trade Center as seen from a boat in the Inner Harbor in Baltimore | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Office |
| Location | 401 E. Pratt St Baltimore MD 21202 USA |
| Coordinates | 39°17′09.66″N 76°36′34.77″W / 39.2860167°N 76.6096583°W |
| Construction started | October 1973 |
| Completed | January 1977 |
| Cost | $22 million |
| Owner | Maryland Port Administration |
| Height | |
| Roof | 123.5 m (405 ft)[1] |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 30[2] |
| Floor area | 422,000 sq ft (39,200 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Pei Cobb Freed & Partners |
| Structural engineer | Weiskopf & Pickworth, New York, NY |
Planning and design of the building began in April 1966. Construction started in October 1973. The building was completed in January 1977,[2] and its construction cost was of $22 million.[4]
Rising 405 ft (123 m) above the one-acre plaza where it stands between Pratt Street and the harbor, the building is 30 stories tall when its basement, lobby level and upper utility level are included in the count. Gross floor space covers 422,000 sq ft (39,200 m2). Major building components include 309,000 sq ft (28,700 m2) of office floors, a lobby of 13,000 sq ft (1,200 m2), a basement of 20,800 sq ft (1,930 m2) and 38,000 sq ft (3,500 m2) of ground level plaza.[2] It is the world's tallest regular pentagonal–based skyscraper (the pentagonal-based JPMorgan Chase Tower in Houston is taller, but is not regular).
Name
editThe building's name identifies its purpose of accommodating "activities and services devoted to the promotion of world trade" as required for licensing of this name by the World Trade Centers Association.[5] Baltimore is one of 16 charter members of the World Trade Centers Association.[6]
The landmark tower houses the headquarters of the Maryland Port Administration, the Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development and the World Trade Center Institute, which is a member of the World Trade Centers Association and operates as a private, non-profit international business membership organization.[7]
Alignment and lighting
editThe building was positioned so that a corner points out toward the waters of the Inner Harbor, suggesting the prow of a ship.[8] Perched at the Harbor's edge, the building appears to rise out of the water when viewed from certain vantage points. It presents a frontal plane toward the city, across a broad plaza between the building and Pratt Street.[2]
In the base at each of the building's five recessed corners, 4,500-watt xenon spotlights dramatically illuminate the building at night, from the ground up, with oversized parabolic mirrors at the top of the five corners then reflecting the light outward in brilliant V-shaped beams. The "beacon" effect was loosely inspired by lighthouses found along the Chesapeake Bay. This signature lighting scheme, designed by Ray Grenald, is visible in the Baltimore skyline from seven to 10 miles away under favorable weather conditions. Installed in 1994, the xenon lighting system replaced 1,000-watt incandescent lamps originally installed at the base of the building, which illuminated only the first three floors.[9]
Top of the World
edit
An enclosed observation level on the 27th floor, called "Top of the World", provides a 360-degree panoramic view of the city. The Top of the World is handicap accessible, offers Baltimore history, rotating art exhibits, occasional special events, a gift shop featuring local art, and is home of the 9/11 Memorial of Maryland. The observation level is open to the public during daytime hours, and may be rented for special events by government organizations and corporations.[10]
Impact of September 11 attacks
editTwo hours after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, Baltimore's World Trade Center was evacuated and closed. This was a response to a "credible" threat that the Baltimore building would also be attacked. A resident of southwest Baltimore was arrested that night and accused of giving the police a false warning.[6]
Unsubstantiated bomb threats received on September 12 and September 14 further contributed to security concerns at the building. A temporary barrier of concrete walls was erected around the brick plaza between the building and Pratt Street, closing the area to pedestrian and vehicle access. Four barges were moved to the building's harbor side to protect it from attack by boats.[6]
Due to the building's name and its prominent location on Baltimore's skyline, state officials presumed that a similar attack on other American cities would likely target the Baltimore World Trade Center. Their response was criticized, because "such drastic steps" were not taken at World Trade Center buildings in other cities. As security was relaxed later in the year, the concrete barriers and barges were removed.[6]
The exterior lighting system was turned off and remained dark until the end of 2007. The waterfront walkway beneath the building, an extension of the Harborplace promenade, is now only open to the public during daylight hours.[citation needed]
9/11 Memorial of Maryland
edit
A memorial to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks, built on the pedestrian promenade of the Baltimore World Trade Center between the building and Pratt Street, was dedicated on September 11, 2011, the tenth anniversary of the attacks. The memorial structure includes three 22-foot long steel beams from the New York World Trade Center, which were part of the 94th to 96th floors of the north tower. Twisted and fused together, the steel beams and damaged limestone pieces from the Pentagon's west wall rest atop marble blocks bearing the names and birthdays of the 68 Marylanders who died in the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Windows on the top floor of the Baltimore World Trade Center are marked with all of the names of the September 11 attack victims.[11][12][13][14]
Inscriptions on the marble platform, describing the events of the September 11 attacks, are arranged so that the building's shadow moves across them like a sundial. On September 11 each year, the shadow touches each inscription at the time that event occurred.[14][15][16]
The second exhibit memorializes the passengers of Flight 93 with a smooth, glossy granite block.[13]
The memorial was designed by the Baltimore architectural firm of Ziger/Snead and paid for by donations.[14]
Hurricane Isabel flooding
edit
Hurricane Isabel flooded the Baltimore World Trade Center's basement with 3 million US gallons (11,000 m3) of water in September 2003, destroying electrical, mechanical and telecommunications equipment serving the entire building, located there. The building remained closed for clean-up for more than a month after the hurricane struck, displacing 60 tenants.[17]
State ownership of building
editThe building is owned by the Maryland Port Administration. As a result, there have been public discussions about whether it should be sold in debates over state budgets. In the "Maryland Transition" report to the incoming Governor Martin O'Malley in January 2007, the Transportation work group noted that former Governor Robert Ehrlich favored selling the Baltimore World Trade Center.[18] Governor O'Malley chose to maintain state ownership.[19]
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2008, the Baltimore World Trade Center incurred an operating loss of $2.3 million. This was due to an occupancy rate that had declined to 43 percent by March 2008. A low occupancy level was expected "to make it easier to sell".[20]
The Maryland Board of Public Works took two important steps in 2007 and 2008 toward improving occupancy at the World Trade Center: streamlining lease approvals and hiring an agent. In December 2007, the Board delegated its lease approval authority to the Secretary of Transportation.[21] Meridian Management Corp. was awarded a 5-year contract, beginning on June 10, 2008, to serve as the World Trade Center's leasing agent. Meridian's contract, approved by the Board of Public Works on May 21, 2008, also includes operation and maintenance of the building.[22][23]
Floating wetlands gardens
edit
Construction of an array of grassy floating gardens, tethered to the waterfront bulkhead below the southern face of the World Trade Center, began in the summer of 2010. This project, scheduled for completion by April 20, 2012, uses floating frames to build wetlands gardens in Baltimore's inner harbor. The Waterfront Partnership, a nonprofit group serving the businesses located at the inner harbor, started the project with eight small wetland floats, funded in 2010 with a grant from Blue Water Baltimore. Although the original floats were destroyed by Hurricane Irene, students from the Living Classrooms Foundation and volunteers from T. Rowe Price have built 50 new floating frames to restore the floating wetland system.[24]
The inner harbor wetlands system is expected to extract at least two pounds of nitrogen from the water for every 100 pounds of grass growing on the floats. Its underside will also provide a habitat for small marine life, such as worms, barnacles, eels, crabs and mussels. Plants selected for the floats include a variety of marsh grasses which feed on nutrients from sewage leaks and storm runoff. Plastic beverage bottles, retrieved from trash floating in the inner harbor, are embedded in the structure of the floats to provide buoyancy.[24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "World Trade Center in Baltimore Tapped as Site for Maryland 9/11 Memorial". Office of Governor Martin O'Malley, press release. October 9, 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "World Trade Center". Pei Cobb Freed & Partners Architects LLP. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ Dorsey, John & Dilts, James D., A Guide to Baltimore Architecture (1997) p. 65. Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, Maryland ISBN 0-87033-477-8
- ^ Robert C. Keith (2005). Baltimore harbor: a pictorial history. p. 127. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7980-9.
- ^ "WTCA Handbook" (PDF). World Trade Centers Association. August 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Scott Calvert (October 5, 2001). "City's trade center enhances security". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ "History & Founders". World Trade Center Institute. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
- ^ Dorsey, John & Dilts, James D., A Guide to Baltimore Architecture (1997) p. 64. Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, Maryland ISBN 0-87033-477-8
- ^ Edward Gunts (October 21, 1994). "Light up the sky: Trade center to become a downtown beacon". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Top of the World" Baltimore Office of Promotion & the Arts. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ^ Banks, Kathy (May 4, 2011). "Baltimore 9/11 Memorial Taking Shape". NBC News. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
- ^ Valcourt, Dereck (September 11, 2011). "Maryland Unveils 9/11 Memorial at Baltimore's World Trade Center". CBS News. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Jamie Smith Hopkins (September 11, 2011). "Maryland dedicates 9/11 memorial at Baltimore's World Trade Center". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ a b c "9/11 Memorial of Maryland Design Team Reveals First Look at Monument Honoring 63 Marylanders Who Perished in Sept. 11 Attacks". PRWeb. May 20, 2011. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Memorial Design". 9/11 Memorial of Maryland. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ Edward Gunts (May 18, 2011). "Design unveiled for 9/11 Memorial of Maryland". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ Meredith Cohn (October 21, 2003). "Tenants of city trade center tread water". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ^ "Maryland Transition" Transportation Workgroup (January 19, 2007), p. 16. Office of Governor Martin O'Malley. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ^ Jen DeGregiori (March 26, 2007). "Gov. O'Malley looking for ways to maintain ownership of Baltimore's World Trade Center" The Daily Record (Baltimore).
- ^ "Audit Report: Maryland Port Administration." p. 8. Office of Legislative Audits (February 23, 2009).
- ^ Andy Rosen (December 13, 2007). "State streamlines Baltimore's World Trade Center leasing process." The Daily Record (Baltimore).
- ^ Andy Rosen (May 21, 2008). "Leasing agent for WTC seen as big step in making Inner Harbor." The Daily Record (Baltimore).
- ^ BPW Agenda Archives, p. 26. Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Maryland Board of Public Works (May 21, 2008).
- ^ a b Timothy B. Wheeler (April 9, 2012). "Faux wetlands expand in harbor". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013.