Lawrence Bai Xiaoman (simplified Chinese: 白小满; traditional Chinese: 白小滿; 1821–1856; Ecclesiastical Latin: Laurentius Bai Xiaoman) was a Roman Catholic saint and martyr from China.[1]
Life
editSheng Bai Xiaoman was born in Guizhou to a poor family,[2] and became an orphan at a young age. He went to Yaoshan in Xilin County, Guangxi to make a living as a domestic worker. He married in his 30s and had a daughter.[3]
Augustus Chapdelaine, a French missionary went to Guangxi in the 1850s to preach the gospel.[2] At this time, Christian missionaries were forbidden to enter the interior of China away from the treaty ports. Bai was baptized as a Catholic in 1855 and took the name 'Lawrence'.[3] He became closely attached to Chapdelaine.
He was a Catholic for only a year before he was put to death. A the time, a bitter civil war was being fought in China between the Taiping rebels and the Qing government. The Taipings were Christians who believed that their leader Hong Xiuquan was the brother of Jesus Christ. The rebellion had started in Guangxi and the Qing armies massacred huge numbers of civilians in areas that were associated with the rebellion.
Augustus Chapdelaine was known in Guangxi for carrying out missionary activities in a way that offended traditional Chinese customs and culture, especially concerning ancestor worship. In addition, to defame Chapdelaine, locals accused him of having sexual relations with female Christians, a common way of slandering Christians, especially missionaries at that time.
In 1856, Chapdelaine was arrested by Qing authorities and they decided to execute him rather than to deport him to one of the Chinese treaty ports where European missionaries were legally permitted to stay. Bai Xiaoman spoke out against his sentence and was arrested by the Qing authorities. Fifteen others were also arrested in association with this episode, including another saint named Agnes Tsao Kou Ying who was also put to death.
After his arrest, they demanded that Bai Xiaoman renounce his Christianity and he refused, so he was executed along with the others in Xilinxian.[2][4] He was executed in front of his wife and child, and before being put to death he called for his wife to keep the Ten Commandments and to teach the faith to their child. He was beheaded on 25 February 1856 in Guangxi and his body was dumped in a wooded area for wild animals to eat.
He was declared Blessed by Pope Leo XIII in 1900.[3] He is listed in the Martyrologium Romanum.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b Martyrologium Romanum (in Latin). Libreria editrice vaticana. 2001. p. 378.
- ^ a b c Watkins, Basil (2015). The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-567-66415-0.
- ^ a b c "Saint Bai Xiaoman and the Chinese Martyr Saints", Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Hong Kong
- ^ Charbonnier, Jean (2007). Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-0-89870-916-2.