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Baghdadi Arabic is the Arabic dialect spoken in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. During the 20th century, Baghdadi Arabic has become the lingua franca of Iraq, and the language of commerce and education. It is considered a subset of Iraqi Arabic.[1]
| Baghdadi Arabic | |
|---|---|
| اللهجة البغدادية | |
| Native to | Mesopotamia |
| Region | Baghdad |
| Arabic alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | acm – Mesopotamian Arabic |
| Glottolog | None |
Phonology
editVowels
editThe vowel phoneme /eː/ (from standard Arabic /aj/) is usually realised as an opening diphthong, for most speakers only slightly diphthongised [ɪe̯], but for others a more noticeable [iɛ̯], such that, for instance, lēš ("why") will sound like leeyesh, much like a drawl in English. There is a vowel phoneme that evolved from the diphthong (/aw/) to resemble more of a long (/o:/) sound, as in words such as kaun ("universe") shifting to kōn. A schwa sound [ə] is mainly heard in unstressed and stressed open and closed syllables.
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | /ɪ/ | /u/ | /iː/ | /uː/ |
| Mid | /ə/ | /eː/ | /oː/ | |
| Open | /æ/ | /aː/ | ||
Consonants
editEven in the most formal of conventions, pronunciation depends upon a speaker's background.[2] Nevertheless, the number and phonetic character of most of the 28 consonants has a broad degree of regularity among Arabic-speaking regions. Arabic is rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The emphatic coronals (/sˤ/, /tˤ/, and /ðˤ/) cause assimilation of emphasis to adjacent non-emphatic coronal consonants.[citation needed] The phonemes /p/ ⟨پ⟩ and /v/ ⟨ڤ⟩ (not used by all speakers) are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory, as they exist only in foreign words and they can be pronounced as /b/ ⟨ب⟩ and /f/ ⟨ف⟩ respectively depending on the speaker.[3][4]
| Labial | Dental | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | emphatic | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Stop/Affricate | voiceless | (p) | t | tˤ | t͡ʃ | k | (q) | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | g | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s ~ ɕ | sˤ | ʃ | x ~ χ | ħ ~ ʜ | h | |
| voiced | (v) | ð | z ~ ʑ | ðˤ | ɣ ~ ʁ | ʕ ~ ʢ | ||||
| Tap | r | |||||||||
| Approximant | l | ɫ | j | w | ||||||
Phonetic notes:
- /p/ and /v/ occur mostly in borrowings from Persian, and may be assimilated to /b/ or /f/ in some speakers.
- [q] is heard in borrowings of non-Arabic languages.
- /ɡ/ is the pronunciation of /q/ in Baghdad Arabic and the rest of southern Mesopotamian dialects.
- The gemination of the flap /ɾ/ results in a trill /r/.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Hann, Geoff (7 August 2015). Iraq: The Ancient Sites & Iraqi Kurdistan: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-488-4. OCLC 880400955.
- ^ Holes (2004:58)
- ^ Teach Yourself Arabic, by Jack Smart (Author), Frances Altorfer (Author)
- ^ Hans Wehr, Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (transl. of Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart, 1952)
Sources
edit- Kees Versteegh, et al. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, BRILL, 2006.
- Abū-Haidar, Farīda (1991). Christian Arabic of Baghdad. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447032094.
- Holes, Clive (2004). Modern Arabic : structures, functions, and varieties. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2.
Further reading
edit- Palva, Heikki (2009-01-01). From Qəltu To Gələt: Diachronic Notes On Linguistic Adaptation In Muslim Baghdad Arabic. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2559-5.