The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary, commonly shortened to By Any Means Necessary (BAMN), is a militant, American far-left group[1][2][3] that participates in protests and litigation to achieve its aims. It is a front organization for the Revolutionary Workers League.[4][5][6][7][8]
Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary | |
| Formation | 1995 |
|---|---|
| Founded at | California, United States |
| Type | Civil rights organisation |
| Legal status | Active |
| Website | www |
Origins
editBAMN was formed in 1995 to oppose the July 20, 1995, decision by Regents of the University of California to ban affirmative action as The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action By Any Means Necessary. It ran a slate of candidates in the April 1996 Associated Students of the University of California election on a platform of defeating California Proposition 209.[9] The proposition passed in November, prohibiting state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity for employment, contracting, and education.
In 1997, BAMN expanded to Michigan, where it organized student support for the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School at Ann Arbor (UMLS) as a result of a challenge to that policy via Grutter v. Bollinger.
Campaigns
edit
In December 2005, BAMN disrupted a meeting of the Michigan State Board of Canvassers in which the Board voted to put a measure that would prohibit race-based preferential treatment in higher education on the November 2006 ballot. They did so by shouting down officials and overturning chairs and tables.[10]
In December 2014, BAMN helped to organize a week of anti-police and Black Lives Matter protest in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. One of these protests shut down a part of Interstate 80 and led to the mass arrest of 210 people. Ronald Cruz, an attorney and organizer for BAMN, said that BAMN demanded that all of the charges against the protesters be dropped.[11] Another protest the same week resulted in violence and property damage.[12][13] Cruz claimed the police were the aggressors.[12]
Attention by national law enforcement
editIn 2005, the American Civil Liberties Union reported that in 2002 the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) identified BAMN as "thought to be involved in terrorist activities."[14][15] According to the FBI, the group's protests were discussed in a meeting about alleged links to terrorist organizations.[14][15]
In February 2019, the FBI opened an investigation into "domestic terrorism" against a California civil rights group whose members it called "extremists" after its 2016 alt-right protests, according to new documents to which some journalist has had access.[16] The documents included in-person surveillance. The agency considered activism against "rape and sexual violence", and "policial brutality". The investigation started after a brawl that resulted in multiple people stabbed and beaten in a brawl in the city of Sacramento, considering it sufficient grounds to open a terrorism investigation, creating controversy about the criminalization of the civilian movements.[17][18]
Sacramento riot and recent activities
editIn June 2016, BAMN led a counter-protest against a rally held by the Traditionalist Worker Party, a white nationalist group, outside of the California State Capitol in Sacramento. Violence at the protests resulted in nine people being hospitalized, seven with stab wounds.[19] Yvette Felarca, a BAMN spokeswoman, said their protest successfully "chased away the neo-Nazis and kept them from recruiting new members."[20]
In July 2017, a year after the riot, authorities arrested Felarca and charged her with "inciting and participating in a riot and assault likely to cause great bodily injury."[21] Felarca and her lawyer, BAMN's national chair Shanta Driver, say the white nationalists were the aggressors and BAMN members had the right to defend themselves. Felarca told The Guardian that she was stabbed in the arm and struck in the head which resulted in her getting stitches.[22]
In December 2018 the group were present during the Central American migrant caravans of 2018. Various militants were present during riots and demonstrations against the security forces, in the city of Tijuana, holding back the eviction migrants in some parts of the city. Some civilian organizations distanced themselves from the group, for their violent protests and history of riots in the United States.[23][24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Stein, Perry; Wan, William (April 21, 2017). "How Berkeley has become the far left and far right's battleground". Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Ellis, Emma Grey (May 23, 2017). "Your Handy Field Guide to the Surprisingly Few Factions of the Far Left, From Pastel Bloc to BAMN". Wired. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Wallace, Christopher (April 25, 2017). "UC Berkeley riots: Violence looms as mayor questioned over ties to extremist group". Fox News. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ Lefebvre, Ben. "Wham BAMN". Detroit Metro Times. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- ^ "BAMNed If You Do". Mother Jones. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- ^ Hasson, Peter (August 25, 2017). "Marxists mad about anti-Marxist rally". John Locke. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- ^ "An opiate for the few". The Michigan Daily. June 2, 2002. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- ^ Clark, Anna (September 28, 2001). "Who exactly is BAMN?". No. 12A. The Michigan Daily. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
- ^ Associated Students of the University of California Voter's Guide, 1996
- ^ "Wham BAMN: Group stirs controversy in fight for civil rights". Metro Times. January 11, 2006. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
- ^ Tracey Taylor (January 7, 2015). "Arrested anti-police protesters may wait up to a year to find out if they will be charged". Berkeleyside. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
(BAMN), which helped organize protests the week of Dec. 6-13
- ^ a b Berkeleyside Editors (December 8, 2014). "City of Berkeley told police to use restraint, avoid tear gas, on second night of protests". Berkeleyside. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Ronald Cruz, the attorney for the group By Any Means Necessary, which helped coordinate the protests, told KQED Forum that police were the aggressors on Saturday night.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Ioffee, Karina (June 28, 2016). "FBI investigates threat against Berkeley school after teacher's counterprotest at rally". East Bay Times. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
By Any Means Necessary, an Oakland-based organization that describes itself as a 'militant anti-fascist group' that uses a variety of tactics, including violence, to spread its message ... was behind some of the violence during the Black Lives Matter protests in 2014, including looting in downtown Berkeley that left dozens of storefronts smashed
- ^ a b "Direct action FOIA document". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
- ^ a b "Local Terrorist Activity Suspected". Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
- ^ Levin, Sam (February 2019). "Revealed: FBI investigated civil rights group as 'terrorism' threat and viewed KKK as victims". The Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "Multiple people stabbed at Sacramento white nationalist rallywork". The Guardian. June 26, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "FBI probed civil rights group as terrorist threat and KKK as victims: report". The Hill. February 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Serna, Joseph (June 27, 2016). "Neo-Nazis didn't start the violence at state Capitol, police say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ Moye, David (August 16, 2017). "Teacher Accused Of Punching Neo-Nazi Says Standing Up To Fascism Isn't A Crime". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ Rodriguez, Olga (July 19, 2017). "Anti-fascist leader arrested after California Capitol brawl". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ Levin, Sam (July 25, 2017). "'I won't stop': Jailed activist blasts US crackdown on anti-Trump protesters". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
- ^ "Activistas de EU frenan desalojo de migrantes". El Imparcial. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "En Tijuana "lo más grave" de la migración". AFN Tijuana. December 3, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
External links
edit- Official website
- Text of Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) is available from: LII
- Text of Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003) is available from: LII