General Asif Nawaz Janjua[a] (3 January 1937 – 8 January 1993) was an officer in the Pakistan Army, serving as its fourth Chief of Army Staff from 16 August 1991 until his untimely death in 1993. His tenure is regarded as contributing to civilian control over the Pakistan Armed Forces. Janjua was one of only four high-ranking officers to have died in active service, alongside Admiral Hasan Hafeez Ahmed (1975), General Zia-ul-Haq (1988), and Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir (2002).
Asif Nawaz Janjua | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 4th Chief of Army Staff | |
| In office 16 August 1991 – 8 January 1993 | |
| President | Ghulam Ishaq Khan |
| Prime Minister | Nawaz Sharif |
| Preceded by | Mirza Aslam Beg |
| Succeeded by | Abdul Waheed Kakar |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Asif Nawaz Janjua 3 January 1937 Chakri Rajgan, Jhelum District, Punjab Province |
| Died | 8 January 1993 (aged 56) Rawalpindi Cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Cause of death | Cardiac arrest |
| Relatives |
|
| Alma mater | |
| Nickname | Soldier's Soldier |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service |  Pakistan Army |
| Years of service | 1955–93 |
| Rank |   General |
| Unit | 5th Punjab Regiment |
| Commands | Chief of General Staff (Pakistan) V Corps (Pakistan) Commandant PMA Kakul 7th Infantry Division (Pakistan) Chief of Staff II Corps (Pakistan) |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) Hilal-i-Imtiaz(Military) Sitara-e-Basalat with BAR Sword of Honour |
His unexpected death was initially surrounded by uncertainty, with some speculating foul play after high levels of arsenic poisoning were detected in his body. His family requested further investigations, including the exhumation of his body and an autopsy conducted with the assistance of international experts from France, Britain, and the United States. Despite early suspicions, the cause of death was ultimately determined to be a heart attack. In April 1993, Janjua's widow alleged that her husband had been poisoned claiming that the assassins were Director General Intelligence Bureau Brigadier Imtiaz, Shahbaz Sharif, and Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan.
Born in the Jhelum District of Punjab Province, Janjua came from a Punjabi Janjua Rajput family. He was educated at St Mary's Cambridge School and later received military training at the Pakistan Military Academy and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Throughout his career, he was recognized for his discipline and leadership, culminating in the award of the Sword of Honour at Sandhurst.
During his military career, Janjua participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, where he was involved in key battles such as the Battle of Chamb. He progressed through the ranks, holding various significant positions, including Chief of General Staff and Corps Commander of V Corps. He played a role in overseeing military operations, particularly in Karachi and Sindh, during a period of rising instability in the country.
Biography
editEarly life, and between the Indo-Pakistani wars (1965–71)
editAsif Nawaz Janjua was born in a small village, called Chakri Rajgan, which is located in the Jhelum District in Punjab in Pakistan into a Punjabi Janjua Rajput clan, on 31 January 1937.: 81 [2]: 441 [3]: 29 He was a military brat and his father, Raja Abdul Ghafoor Khan, had served as an officer in the British Indian Army, retiring at the rank of Major.: 441 [4]
He was educated at the St Mary's Cambridge School on Murree Road in Rawalpindi. Two Irish teachers there who taught him the value of life and humanity, Father Francis and May Flanagan, had a significant influence on his upbringing and future career.[5] After his matriculation, he went to join the Pakistan Military Academy in 1954, and was one of very few cadets to be selected to attend the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in the United Kingdom.: 2 [6] After completing his initial military training, he passed out from the academy in 1957 and was conferred the Sword of Honour by the academy's commandant.: 441 [3]
Upon returning to Pakistan, 2nd-Lt. Janjua joined the 5th Sherdils Battalion of the Punjab Regiment on 31 March 1957.[7]
In 1965, Captain Nawaz saw action in the second war with India in 1965 on the northern front.: 2 [8] In 1970–71, Major Janjua was stationed with the Eastern Command in East-Pakistan, serving as a brigade major in the 111th Infantry Brigade.: 316 [3] In 1971, Major Janjua fought in the third war with India in 1971 after taking over the command of his 5th Battalion and saw combat in the Chamb sector against the Indian Army.: 441 [9]
After the third war with India in 1971, Major Janjua continued his military service and graduated from the Command and Staff College in Quetta, where he excelled in his studies.: 441 [10] In 1976–77, Col. Janjua attended the National Defence University where he attained his MSc in War Studies.: 441 [10]
War and command appointments in the military
editIn 1977, Brigadier Janjua was appointed as Chief of Staff of the II Corps stationed in Multan under the command of its field commander, Lt-Gen. M. Shariff.: 441 [10] In 1982, he was promoted as two-star rank army general, and escaped from martial law appointments by President Zia-ul-Haq.: 81 [2] From 1982 to 1985, Major-General Janjua was posted in Peshawar and served as the GOC of the 7th Infantry Division, posted with the XI Corps.: 81 [2]
In 1985, Maj-Gen. Janjua was appointed as Commandant of the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul which he served until 1988.: 81 [2] In 1988, he was among the last army generals who were approved for the three-star rank promotion by Prime Minister Mohammad Junejo, and was appointed as Corps Commander of the Sindh-based V Corps by then-Chief of Army Staff Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg.: 81 [2]
When General Nawaz took command of his Corps in Karachi it had begun to be embroiled in operations against MQM militants in the city. He would soon come to oversee law and order operations by his Corps in the disturbed city of Karachi. As V Corps was also responsible for security in all of Sindh, it had been embroiled in anti-dacoity and law and order operations in Sindh since the early 1980s. The province had destabilised in the wake of the anti-Zia-ul-Haq Movement for the Restoration of Democracy.
In April 1991, Lt-Gen. Janjua was moved to Rawalpindi when he was appointed at the Army GHQ as the Chief of General Staff (CGS), the second-in-command of the army, under the army chief Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg.[11]
Chief of Army Staff
editIn 1991, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif approved the timely retirement of Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg, and there were four senior army generals who were in the race for promotion to four-star appointment in the Pakistani military, included with seniority:
- Lt-Gen. Asif Nawaz, the Chief of General Staff at the Army GHQ based in Rawalpindi.[12]
- Lt-Gen. Shamim Alam, the field commander of the XXXI Corps, stationed in Bahawalpur, Punjab in Pakistan.[12]
- Lt-Gen. Z.A. Naz, the field commander of the I Corps, stationed in Mangla, Punjab in Pakistan.[12]
- Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul, the field commander of the II Corps, Multan, Punjab in Pakistan.[12]
The senior most military officer in the military, Lt-Gen. Janjua's recommendation came from the former Chairman joint chiefs Gen.Rahimuddin Khan when the second most senior military officer, Lt-Gen. Shamim Alam was eventually elevated as the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[13] Lt-Gen. Janjua was confirmed to this four-star promotion by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on 11 June 1991.[11][14]
His command over the army came when the military embargo had been placed by the United States due to the suspicion about his country's clandestine atomic bomb program.[15] Gen. Janjua immediately made a press release through the ISPR where he committed to preventing military interference in national politics when he noted that the "army's image had been tarnished and its officers corrupted in Pakistan's 25 years of martial law."[15] Gen. Janjua, who had pro-western views, worked together with Chairman joint chiefs Gen. Shamim and his JS HQ to improve bilateral relations between Pakistan and the United States when he agreed to deploy the combat brigades of the Pakistan Army in Somalia as part of the UN Mission to end the civil war in the country.[15]
His political views reflected political liberalism and he tried to improve the military-to-military relations with the Indian Army when he successfully took Pakistan out of what he saw as the dead-end policy of Islamism by former conservative President Zia.[11] During Nawaz's tenure, the army took on the surprising role of becoming a protector of a free press and the liberal values of criticism.[11]
As an army chief, Gen. Janjua played a crucial role in providing military aid to the civilian Government of Pakistan when he deployed the Pakistan Army Rangers to aid the Sindh Police against the dacoits and gangs in Karachi and rural Sindh.[11]
Death
editJanjua died on 8 January 1993, while he was jogging near his home in Rawalpindi. The death was ruled a heart attack and no autopsy was conducted before the burial, in line with Muslim customs.
In April 1993, Janjua's widow Nuzhat, claimed that her husband had been poisoned by Brigadier Imtiaz, head of the Intelligence Bureau, Shahbaz Sharif, and Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan.[16][17]
His family commissioned a private forensic test on hair from his hairbrush, which was conducted in the United States. The tests revealed 67 micrograms of arsenic in his hair, significantly higher than the normal level of 4 micrograms. According to the lab report, "The arsenic... falls within the range considered toxic," indicating elevated levels of arsenic in the hair. The forensic toxicologist stated that the arsenic level by itself is not enough to determine the cause of death but raises a flag that further analysis is warranted.[18] Initially, the government deployed police at his grave to prevent his body from being exhumed. There were rumors that Janjua's stomach was removed prior to his burial.[19][20] However, it was later reported that Janjua's family members had hired private security guards to protect his grave, fearing his body would be tampered with.[21]
As a result, his body was exhumed, and an autopsy was conducted by French, British, and American doctors. The cause of death was determined to be a heart attack.[22] A Supreme Court investigation also ruled that Janjua died of natural causes, without performing an autopsy.[18]
Janjua was among just four senior officers to have died while in active service, alongside Admiral Hasan Hafeez Ahmed (1975), General Zia-ul-Haq (1988), and Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir (2002).[15][23]
Legacy
editFormer Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, then described Asif Nawaz as "a true professional soldier," and further stated that "he did what he said he would do – he kept the army out of politics."[15] Unlike many of his predecessors, Asif Nawaz was incorruptible and often talked of how he would relax when he retired, unlike other generals who plunged into politics.[11]
Awards and decorations
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| Nishan-e-Imtiaz
(Military) (Order of Excellence) |
Hilal-i-Imtiaz
(Military) (Crescent of Excellence) | ||
| Sitara-e-Basalat
(Star of Valour) with BAR |
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War
(War Star 1971) |
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War
(War Medal 1965) |
Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War
(War Medal 1971) |
| 10 Years Service Medal | 20 Years Service Medal | 30 Years Service Medal | Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam
(100th Birth Anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah) 1976 |
| Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria
(Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956 |
Hijri Tamgha
(Hijri Medal) 1979 |
Tamgha-e-Jamhuriat
(Democracy Medal) 1988 |
Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha
(Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1990 |
Further reading
edit- "Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within (Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks)" by Shuja Nawaz, Publisher: Oxford University Press
- Gupta, Shekhar (31 October 1993). "Night of the Generals". India Today.
References
edit- ^ "'Pakistan's armed forces second to none'". DailyTimes. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Burki, Shahid Javed (2015). "§Asif Nawaz (1937-1993)". In Woronov, Jon (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan (google books) (4th ed.). New York: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 657. ISBN 9781442241480. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed swords : Pakistan, its army, and the wars within (snippet view) (1st ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 665. ISBN 9780195476606. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195476606.
- ^ Ahmad, Rashid (11 January 1993). "Obituary: General Asif Nawaz". The Independent. The Independent, Pakistan Desk. The Independent, Pakistan Desk. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Defence Journal. 1993. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ "COLONEL IN CHIEF – PUNJAB REGIMENT". www.pakarmymuseum.com. ISPR (ARMY DIVISION). Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Defence Journal. 1993. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. ISBN 9780195476606. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Excerpts from Crossed Swords. ISBN 9780195476606. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Ahmed Rashid. "Obituary: General Asif Nawaz " Archived 5 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 11 January 1993
- ^ a b c d Asian recorder. Published by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1991
- ^ Nawaz, Crossed Swords, (2007)
- ^ "New and improved" The Economist, June 1991
- ^ a b c d e "Gen. Asif Nawaz of Pakistan, 56, A Champion of Democracy, Dies" Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 9 January 1993
- ^ Gupta, Shekhar (31 October 1993). "Night of the Generals". India Today.
- ^ Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya (2014). Nothing But!: Book Five: All Is Fair in Love and War. p. 403.
- ^ a b "General's Death Remains a Mystery in Pakistan". AP NEWS. 28 September 1993. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ Bidanda M. Chengappa (February 2000). "The ISI Role in Pakistan's Politics". Columbia University.
- ^ Asian Recorder. Vol. 40. 1994.
- ^ "The Facts of the Case" (PDF). Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 21 July 1993. p. 65.
- ^ "No Poison Found in Pakistan Officer's Body". The New York Times. Reuters. 14 December 1993. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ "Indian Air Force meets 294 accidents in almost 58 years". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.