Wikipedia

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

"AIIB" redirects here. For other uses, see AIIB (disambiguation).

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank and international financial institution that aims to collectively improve economic and social outcomes in Asia.[4] It is the world's second largest multi-lateral development institution.[5] Headquartered in Beijing, China, the bank currently has 110 members, including 12 prospective members from around the world.[1] The breakdown of the 110 members by continents are as follows: 42 in Asia, 26 in Europe, 22 in Africa, 10 in Oceania, 8 in South America, and 2 in North America. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015, after ratifications were received from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock.[6]

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
AbbreviationAIIB
Formation16 January 2016; 8 years ago (2016-01-16)
TypeInternational financial institution
Legal statusTreaty
PurposeCrediting
HeadquartersBeijing, China
Region served
Worldwide, with a focus on Asia, Africa and Oceania
Membership110 member states[1]
Official language
English[2] (lingua franca)
Key people
Jin Liqun[3] (President)
Main organ
  • Board of Governors
  • Board of Directors
Websiteaiib.org

The United Nations has addressed the launch of AIIB as having potential for "scaling up financing for sustainable development"[7] and to improve the global economic governance.[8] The starting capital of the bank was US$100 billion, equivalent to 2⁄3 of the capital of the Asian Development Bank and about half that of the World Bank.[9] The bank was first proposed by China in 2013[10] and the initiative was launched at a ceremony in Beijing in October 2014.[11] It has since received the highest credit ratings from the three biggest rating agencies in the world, and has been seen since its inception as a potential rival or an alternative to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[12][13]

History

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The proposal for the creation of an "Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank" was first made by the Vice Chairman of the China Center for International Economic Exchanges, a Chinese government think tank, at the Bo'ao Forum in April 2009. The initial context was to make better use of Chinese foreign currency reserves in the wake of the global financial crisis.[14]

The initiative was officially launched by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping on a state visit to Indonesia in October 2013.[15] The Chinese government has been frustrated with what it regards as the slow pace of reforms and governance, and wants greater input in global established institutions like the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank which it claims are heavily dominated by American, European and Japanese interests.[16]

At inception, the AIIB was explicitly linked to China's Belt and Road Initiative.[17]: 166  The AIIB was subsequently broadened to include investments with states that are not involved with the BRI and its mission characterized more generally as building "infrastructure for tomorrow," with a focus on green infrastructure and connectivity.[17]: 166 

In April 2014, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang delivered a keynote speech at the opening of the Boao Forum for Asia and said that China was ready to intensify consultations with relevant parties in and outside Asia on the preparations for the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.[18][19]

The Asian Development Bank Institute published a report in 2010 which said that the region requires $8 trillion to be invested from 2010 to 2020 in infrastructure for the region to continue economic development.[16][20] In a 2014 editorial, The Guardian newspaper wrote that the new bank could allow Chinese capital to finance these projects and allow it a greater role to play in the economic development of the region commensurate with its growing economic and political clout.[21] But until March 2015, China in the ADB has only 5.47 percent voting right, while Japan and US have a combined 26 percent voting right (13 percent each) with a share in subscribed capital of 15.7 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. Dominance by both countries and slow reforms underlie China's wish to establish the AIIB, while both countries worry about China's increasing influence.[22]

In June 2014 China proposed doubling the registered capital of the bank from $50 billion to $100 billion and invited India to participate in the founding of the bank.[23][24] Thank was founded in Beijjing in October 2014.[25]: 221  On 24 October 2014, twenty-one countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) regarding the AIIB in Beijing, China: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.[26] Indonesia's joining was slightly delayed due to their new presidential administration not being able to review the membership in time. Indonesia signed the MOU on 25 November 2014.[27]

The U.S. allegedly tried to keep Australia and South Korea from becoming prospective founding members, after they expressed an interest in it.[28] However, both Australia and South Korea applied to join the bank in March 2015.[29][30][31][32]

Hong Kong's Financial Secretary John Tsang announced in his budget speech in February 2015 that the territory would join the AIIB.[33] It did however not become one of the prospective founding members and negotiated as part of the Chinese delegation.

In early March 2015, the United Kingdom's Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced that the UK had decided to apply to join the Bank, becoming the third Western country to do so after Luxembourg and New Zealand.[34] The announcement was criticised by the U.S. Obama Administration. A US government official told Financial Times, "We are wary about a trend toward constant accommodation of China, which is not the best way to engage a rising power." The official further stated that the British decision was taken after "no consultation with the US."[35] In response, the UK indicated that the subject had been discussed between Chancellor Osborne and US Treasury Secretary Jack Lew for several months preceding the decision. It was further stated that joining the bank as a founding member would allow the UK to influence the development of the institution. By encouraging Chinese investments in the next generations of nuclear power plants, Osborne announced that "the City of London would become the base for the first clearing house for the yuan outside Asia."[36]

Following the criticism, the White House National Security Council, in a statement to The Guardian, declared,

Our position on the AIIB remains clear and consistent. The United States and many major global economies all agree there is a pressing need to enhance infrastructure investment around the world. We believe any new multilateral institution should incorporate the high standards of the World Bank and the regional development banks. Based on many discussions, we have concerns about whether the AIIB will meet these high standards, particularly related to governance, and environmental and social safeguards [...] The international community has a stake in seeing the AIIB complement the existing architecture, and to work effectively alongside the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.[37]

After the UK's decision to join the AIIB, a surge of new applications followed, including several other European states – including Germany, France and Italy – with a total number reaching 53 by the end of March.[38][39] German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble stated, "We want to contribute our long-standing experience with international financial institutions to the creation of the new bank by setting high standards and helping the bank to get a high international reputation."[40] In March 2015, the South Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance announced that it, too, is planning to join the AIIB, citing its potential in helping South Korean companies win deals in infrastructural projects as well expanding South Korea's influence in international banking as a founding member.[41] States could indicate their interest in becoming a Prospective Founding Member until 31 March 2015.

Negotiations took place in the framework of five Chief Negotiators Meetings (CNMs) which took place between November 2014 and May 2015. The Articles of Agreement, the legal framework of the bank, were concluded in the fifth CNM. It was signed on 29 June 2015 by 50 of the named 57 prospective founding members in Beijing, while the other seven signed later.

On 25 December 2015, the Articles of Agreement entered into force. On 16 January 2016, the board of governors of the bank convened its inaugural meeting in Beijing and declared the bank open for business. Jin Liqun was elected as the bank's president for a five-year term. 17 states (Australia, Austria, Brunei, China, Georgia, Germany, Jordan, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea and the United Kingdom) together holding 50.1% of the initial subscriptions of Authorized Capital Stock, had deposited the instrument of ratification for the agreement, triggering entry into force, and making them all founding members[42] and bringing the Articles of Agreement, the bank's charter, into force. 35 other states followed later, taking the amount of Authorized Capital Stock held by the 29 members of the bank to 74%.

AIIB within PRC policy thinking

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Fostering long-term economic development

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The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank can be construed as a natural inter-national extension of the infrastructure-driven economic development framework that has sustained the rapid economic growth of China since the adoption of the Chinese economic reform under Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. It stems from the notion that long-term economic growth can only be achieved through systematic, and broad-based investments in infrastructure assets – in contrast with the more short-term "export-driven" and "domestic consumption" development models favored by mainstream Western Neoclassical economists and pursued by many developing countries in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century with generally disappointing results.[43][44]

Infrastructure as regional integration and foreign policy tool

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In his 29 March 2015 speech at the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) annual conference, Xi Jinping said:

[T]he Chinese economy is deeply integrated with the global economy and forms an important driving force of the economy of Asia and even the world at large. […] China's investment opportunities are expanding. Investment opportunities in infrastructure connectivity as well as in new technologies, new products, new business patterns, and new business models are constantly springing up. […] China's foreign cooperation opportunities are expanding. We support the multilateral trading system, devote ourselves to the Doha Round negotiations, advocate the Asia-Pacific free trade zone, promote negotiations on regional comprehensive economic partnership, advocate the construction of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), boost economic and financial cooperation in an all-round manner, and work as an active promoter of economic globalization and regional integration.[18]

Xi insisted also that the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank would foster "economic connectivity and a new-type of industrialization [in the Asia Pacific area], and [thus] promote the common development of all countries as well as the peoples' joint enjoyment of development fruits."[18][45]

Academic Suisheng Zhao writes that China's launching of the AIIB was intended by China to reduce tensions caused by the United States' efforts to delay reform of the Bretton Woods system, intended to provide international public goods, and intended to provide China with increased participation in international rule-making.[46]

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Articles of Agreement of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
 
  Prospective members (regional)
  Members (regional)
  Prospective members (non-regional)
  Members (non-regional)
Signed29 June 2015
LocationBeijing, China
Effective25 December 2015
ConditionRatification by 10 states, comprising 50% of initial subscriptions of capital stock[2]
Signatories57
Parties72 (96% of initial subscriptions of capital stock)[47]
DepositaryGovernment of the People's Republic of China[2]
LanguagesChinese, English (used in disputes) and French[2]

The Articles of Agreement form the legal basis for the Bank. 57 Prospective Founding Members (PFM) named in annex A of the agreement are eligible to sign and ratify the Articles, thus becoming a member of the Bank. Other states, which are parties to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the Asian Development Bank may become members after approval of their accession by the bank.[6]

The Articles were negotiated by the Prospective Founding Members, with Hong Kong joining the negotiations via China.[48][49]

Members

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The 57 Prospective Founding Members can become Founding Members through:

  • Signing the Articles of Agreement in 2015
  • Ratifying the Articles of Agreement in 2015 or 2016

All Prospective Founding Members have signed the Articles, 52 of which have ratified them, comprising 92% of the shares of all PFM. The formal actions towards becoming a Founding Member are shown below, as well as the percentage of the votes and of the shares, in the event all prospective founding states become parties, and no other members are accepted.

In March 2017, 13 other states were granted prospective membership: 5 regional (Afghanistan, Armenia, Fiji, Timor Leste and Hong Kong, China) and 8 non-regional: Belgium, Canada, Ethiopia, Hungary, Ireland, Peru, Sudan and Venezuela. In May 2017, 7 states were granted prospective membership: 3 regional (Bahrain, Cyprus, Samoa) and 4 non-regional (Bolivia, Chile, Greece, Romania). In June 2017, 3 other states were granted prospective membership: 1 regional (Tonga) and 2 non-regional (Argentina, Madagascar).[50] In 2018, 7 other states were granted prospective membership: 1 regional (Lebanon) and 6 non-regional (Algeria, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Serbia, Togo).[51][52] In 2019, 9 other states were granted prospective membership: 9 non-regional (Djibouti, Rwanda, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Tunisia, Uruguay, Croatia, Senegal).[53] In 2020, Liberia were granted prospective membership. In 2021, 2 states were granted prospective membership:1 regional (Iraq) and 1 non-regional (Nigeria). In 2023, 4 states were granted prospective membership: 4 non-regional (Mauritania, El Salvador, Solomon Islands, Tanzania).[4] They become members after finishing their domestic procedures. As of 31 October 2024, the total number of countries approved for membership of AIIB is 110 (Regional Members: 48, Non-Regional Members: 50, Prospective Members: 12).[54] Countries holding at least 2.0% of either the total subscriptions or voting powers are in bold.

Members

Country / Region Total Subscriptions
(Amount of Shares in
millions USD) 		Voting Power
(Number of Votes)
  Afghanistan 86.6 1,903
  Algeria 5.0 1,433
  Argentina 5.0 1,433
  Australia 3,691.2 38,895
  Austria 500.8 6,991
  Azerbaijan 254.1 4,524
  Bahrain 103.6 2,419
  Bangladesh[a] 660.5 8,588
  Belarus 64.1 2,024
  Belgium 284.6 4,229
  Benin 5.0 1,433
  Brazil[55] 5.0 2,033
  Brunei[a] 52.4 2,507
  Cambodia[a] 62.3 2,606
  Canada[b] 995.4 9,346
  Chile 10.0 1,483
  China[a] 29,780.4 299,787
  Cook Islands 0.5 1,388
  Côte d'Ivoire 5.0 1,424
  Croatia 5.0 1,433
  Cyprus 20.0 1,583
  Denmark 369.5 5,678
  Djibouti 0.5 1,388
  Ecuador 5.0 1,433
  Egypt 650.5 8,488
  Ethiopia 45.8 1,841
  Fiji 12.5 1,508
  Finland 310.3 5,086
  France 3,375.6 35,739
  Georgia 53.9 2,522
  Germany 4,484.2 46,825
  Ghana 5.0 1,403
  Greece 10.0 1,483
  Guinea 5.0 1,403
  Hong Kong 765.1 9,034
  Hungary 100.0 2,383
  Iceland 17.6 2,159
  India[a] 8,367.3 85,656
  Indonesia[a] 3,360.7 35,590
  Iran 1,580.8 11,468
  Iraq 25.0 1,633
  Ireland 131.3 2,696
  Israel 749.9 9,482
  Italy 2,571.8 27,701
  Jordan 119.2 3,175
  Kazakhstan[a] 729.3 9,276
  Kenya 5.0 1,433
  South Korea 3,738.7 39,370
  Kyrgyzstan 26.8 2,251
  Laos[a] 43.0 2,413
  Liberia 5.0 1,413
  Libya 52.6 1,909
  Luxembourg 69.7 2,680
  Madagascar 5.0 1,433
  Malaysia 109.5 3,078
  Maldives 7.2 2,055
  Malta 13.6 2,119
  Mongolia[a] 41.1 2,394
  Morocco 5.0 1,433
  Myanmar[a] 264.5 3,834
    Nepal[a] 80.9 2,792
  Netherlands 1,031.3 12,296
  New Zealand 461.5 6,598
  Norway 550.6 7,489
  Oman[a] 259.2 4,575
  Pakistan[a] 1,034.1 12,324
  Papua New Guinea 5.0 1,433
  Peru 154.6 2,929
  Philippines 979.1 11,774
  Poland 831.8 10,301
  Portugal 65.0 2,633
  Qatar[a] 604.4 8,027
  Romania 153.0 2,913
  Russia 6,536.2 67,345
  Rwanda 5.0 1,433
  Samoa[a] 2.1 1,404
  Saudi Arabia 2,544.6 27,429
  Serbia 5.0 1,433
  Singapore[a] 250.0 4,483
  South Africa 5.0 2,033
  Spain 1,761.5 19,598
  Sri Lanka[a] 269.0 4,673
  Sudan 59.0 1,505
  Sweden 630.0 8,283
   Switzerland 706.4 9,047
  Tajikistan 30.9 2,292
  Thailand 1,427.5 16,258
  Timor-Leste 16.0 1,543
  Togo 5.0 1,433
  Tonga[a] 1.2 1,395
  Tunisia 5.0 1,433
  Turkey 2,609.9 28,082
  United Arab Emirates 1,185.7 13,840
  United Kingdom 3,054.7 32,530
  Uruguay 5.0 1,433
  Uzbekistan[a] 219.8 4,181
  Vanuatu[a] 0.5 1,388
  Vietnam[a] 663.3 8,616
Unallocated Shares 2,962.2
Grand Total 100,000.0 1,129,501

Prospective Members

Country / Region Prospective Founding
Member status 		Signature
(Articles)[47] 		Ratification or Acceptance
(Articles)[47] 		Total Subscriptions
(Amount of Shares in
millions USD) 		Voting Power
(Number of Votes)
  Armenia
  Bolivia 26.1 1,911
  El Salvador
  Kuwait 24 October 2014 4 December 2015 536.0
  Lebanon
  Mauritania
  Nauru
  Nigeria
  Senegal
  Solomon Islands
  Tanzania
  Venezuela 209.0 3,740
  Regional members

Dependent territories

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The Articles of Agreement provide for non-sovereign entities to become members of the bank. In addition to the requirements for sovereign states, the membership of dependent territories must be supported by the state responsible for its external relations.

Non-members

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The Czech Republic,[56] Nigeria, Iraq,[57] Colombia,[58] Ukraine are considering joining the AIIB as members. Mexico, Japan and the United States have no immediate intention to participate. Taiwan's request to become a Prospective Founding Member was rejected by China as it does not consider the former to be a sovereign state.[59]

  Taiwan

  • Taiwan applied for PFM to join the AIIB via Taiwan Affairs Office on 31 March 2015, possibly under the name "Chinese Taipei",[60][61] but was rejected by the Multilateral Interim Secretariat of the AIIB on 13 April, without any reason stated. However, mainland China claims that there is the possibility for Taiwan to obtain membership at a later date.[59] Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that Taiwan should avoid creating a "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan" situation.[62] ROC Finance Minister Chang Sheng-ford announced in April 2016 that Taiwan was not being treated with "dignity" or "respect" during the registration process and Taiwan eventually chose to leave the decision to join to the new president.[63]

  United States – No commitment

  • The United States' officials have expressed concerns about whether the AIIB would have high standards of governance, and whether it would have environmental and social safeguards.[64] The United States is reported to have used diplomatic pressure to try and prevent key allies, such as Australia, from joining the bank,[65] and expressed disappointment when others, such as Britain, joined.[66][64] The US' opposition to the AIIB, as well as its attempt to dissuade allies from joining was seen as a manifestation of a multifaceted containment strategy.[67]

  Japan – "Under Consideration" / No commitment

  • Masato Kitera, Tokyo's envoy in Beijing, stated previously that Japan might join the AIIB.[68] Japanese Finance Minister Tarō Asō previously indicated interest in joining the AIIB, but later switched his stance. Yoshihide Suga, Japan's Cabinet Secretary, told the public that Japan was still seeking China's full explanation of the AIIB as he stated, "As of today, Japan will not join AIIB and a clear explanation has not been received from China" and "Japan is dubious about whether (the AIIB) would be properly governed or whether it would damage other creditors". He also stated that Japan is no longer considering whether or not to join the bank. The Japanese Government Spokesman also announced that Japan would not join the AIIB. Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe also added that Japan does not need to join the bank.[69] But two years later, in May 2017, Shinzō Abe said joining the AIIB, created in part to fund the initiative, could be an option if governance questions were resolved.[70] Toshihiro Nikai, secretary-general of the ruling party Liberal Democratic Party, suggested joining the AIIB.[71]

Shareholding structure

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The Authorized Capital Stock of the bank is $100 billion (US dollars), divided into 1 million shares of $100,000 each.[72]: 222  Twenty percent are paid-in shares (and thus have to be transferred to the bank), and 80% are callable shares.[2] The allocated shares are based on the size of each member country's economy (calculated using GDP Nominal (60%) and GDP PPP (40%)) and whether they are an Asian or Non-Asian Member. The total number of shares will determine the fraction of authorized capital in the bank.[6][73][74][75] Of the prospective founding members, three states decided not to subscribe to all allocated shares: Malaysia, Portugal, and Singapore,[76] resulting in 98% of available shares being subscribed.[2]

Three categories of votes exist: basic votes, share votes and Founding Member votes. The basic votes are equal for all members and constitute 12% of the total votes, while the share votes are equal to the number of shares. Each Founding Member furthermore gets 600 votes. An overview of the shares, assuming when all 57 Prospective Founding Members have become Founding Members is shown below (values in bold do not depend on the number of members):[77]

Vote Type % of Total Votes Total Votes Vote per Member China
(Largest PFM)		 Maldives
(Smallest PFM)
Basic votes 12 138,510 2,430 2,430 2,430
Share votes 85 981,514 Varies 297,804 72
Founding Member votes 3 34,200 600 600 600
Total 100 1,154,224 varies 300,834 (26.1%) 3,102 (0.3%)

Governance

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Name plaque of AIIB at its global headquarters in Beijing

The bank's governance structure is composed of the Board of Governors[78] as the top-level and highest decision-making body.[79] It is composed of 1 governor for each member state of the bank and in principle meets once a year.[79] The board of directors, composed of 12 governors, each representing one or more member is responsible for daily operations and tasks delegated to it by the board of governors. Nine of those members are from within the Asia-Pacific region and three representing members outside the region.[79]

Of the non-regional directors, 1 constituency is made up of EU member states having the Euro as their currency, and 1 from other European countries.[80]

New members are considered for admission only once a year. An overview of the constituencies is shown below:[81]

Country of Director Countries of Alternates Countries of Advisors Other Constituencies
  Saudi Arabia   Qatar
  United Arab Emirates		   Bahrain
  Jordan
  Oman
Saudi Arabia		   Iraq
  Turkey   Azerbaijan
Turkey		   Brunei
  Georgia
  Pakistan		   Kyrgyzstan
  Thailand   Bangladesh
  Philippines		   Malaysia
  Maldives
    Nepal
  Russia   Iran Russia
Russia		   Belarus
  Kazakhstan
  China China China
China
  Hong Kong
  Egypt   Algeria
  Brazil
Egypt
  Sudan		   Argentina
  Benin
  Chile
  Ethiopia
  Liberia
  Libya
  Morocco
  Peru
  South Africa
  Togo
  Tunisia
  Uruguay
  New Zealand   Australia
  Singapore		   Australia
New Zealand
  Vietnam		   Cook Islands
  United Kingdom   Sweden
   Switzerland		   Denmark
  Hungary
  Norway
  Poland
  Romania
United Kingdom		   Iceland
  Serbia
  Netherlands   Germany
  Italy		   Austria
  Belgium
  Croatia
  Cyprus
  Finland
  France
  Greece
  Ireland
  Luxembourg
Netherlands
  Portugal
  Spain		   Malta
  India India India
India
  Indonesia   Cambodia
  Sri Lanka		 Indonesia
  Laos		   Timor-Leste
  South Korea   Fiji
  Israel		 South Korea
  Mongolia
  Samoa
  Uzbekistan		   Tonga
Unallocated:
  Afghanistan
  Canada
  Côte d'Ivoire
  Djibouti
  Ecuador
  Ghana
  Guinea
  Kenya
  Madagascar
  Myanmar
  Papua New Guinea
  Rwanda
  Tajikistan
  Vanuatu
Senior Management of AIIB
Country Name Position in AIIB
  China Jin Liqun President
  South Korea Hun Kim Acting Vice President and Director General
  Russia Konstantin Limitovskiy Vice President, Investment Operations (Region 2)
  India Rajat Misral Vice President, Investment Operations (Region 1)
  Germany Ludger Schuknecht Vice President and Corporate Secretary
  Pakistan Asma Shaikh Acting Vice President and Chief Administration Officer
  China Quan Zheng Acting Vice President, Policy and Strategy
  Sweden Erik Berglof Chief Economist
  France Antoine Castel Chief Risk Officer
  New Zealand Andrew Cross Chief Financial Officer
  Brazil Alberto Ninio General Counsel

Reception

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The former President of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, has said that the need for infrastructure in developing countries is great so that the activities of new organizations would be welcome.[82] The World Bank, IMF, and Asian Development bank have all cooperated with the AIIB as a compliment to the Bretton Woods institutions and which further increases overall capacity for development funds.[83]

Economist C. Fred Bergsten describes the AIIB as "helping meet a clear need for more infrastructure funding throughout Asia (and elsewhere)."[84] He concludes that the AIIB "has adhered to internationally agreed norms and best practices, and is innovating some of its own."[84] Additionally, Bergsten writes that China's role in the AIIB "has clearly met the U.S. request for China to function as a 'responsible stakeholder' in the world economy."[84]

Geopolitical implication in Asia-Pacific and beyond

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There is no consensus in the United States about the role of the AIIB. John Ikenberry sees the AIIB as part of "China's emerging institutional statecraft,"[85] but argues that it is not clear whether the institution will tie China more deeply into the existing order or become a vehicle to challenge the order. Phillip Lipscy (Stanford University) argues that the United States and Japan should support the AIIB to encourage China's peaceful global leadership and discourage China from pursuing coercive or military options.[86] On the other hand, Paola Subacchi (Chatham House) argues that the AIIB represents a threat to US-dominated global governance.[87]

Think-tanks such as Chatham House, the China Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and the World Pensions Council (WPC) have argued that the successful establishment of a new supranational financial powerhouse headquartered in PRC would be facilitated by the large number of participating developed economies.[88][89] These experts observe that the establishment of the Beijing-based AIIB does not necessitate rivalry, when economic cooperation is possible,[88] and that the decision by the UK to participate advances its own interests even if some of its allies are opposed.[89]

Environmental record

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Although the proposed bank declared "AIIB will learn from the best practice in the world and adopt international standards of environmental protection," Oxford scholar of economics and energy policy Yuge Ma has argued that this may be complicated in developing Asian countries.[90]

Political influence

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In June 2023, Bob Pickard, a Canadian national and the global communications director and official spokesperson of AIIB resigned,[91] and fled from China.[92] Pickard said that the AIIB was dominated by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members who operate as an in-house secret police. He also claimed that all information going to AIIB's president, Jin Liqun, was filtered through those CCP officials, whose offices were the closest to Jin. Pickard went on to state that the AIIB has one of the most toxic cultures imaginable.[93][94][95][96] Later the same day, Chrystia Freeland, the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada and Finance Minister announced that Canada is freezing ties with the AIIB while carrying out an investigation of the allegations and Canada's involvement in the AIIB.[97] In the following day, the AIIB launched an internal investigation and welcomed the Canadian review, but called the allegation "baseless."[98] In December 2023, the Canadian Finance Ministry announced that it would be expanding its investigation to include "an analysis of AIIB investments, its governance and management frameworks, as well as an examination of whether its environmental and social governance safeguards are effective and sufficient".[99]

In the United Kingdom, AIIB faced criticism for having seconded HM Treasury staff. Conservative MP Tim Loughton, who was impacted by a Chinese cyber campaign, called for an audit of the UK's relationship with the AIIB.[100] According to a report by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, Sir Danny Alexander's appointment as vice-president of the AIIB was partially influenced by the Chinese government, intending to lend credibility to Chinese investments through his name.[101]

Comparison with ADB and IBRD

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($ million)
AIIB[102] ADB[103] IBRD[104]
Established 2016 1966 1944
Date as of 31 December 2017 31 December 2021 30 June 2022
Member[54] Total 84 68 189
(Regional, Non-regional, Prospective) 49, 19, 0 –
Credit rating AAA AAA AAA
Capital Subscribed 95,001 148,903 286,636
Paid-in 19,000 7,447 20,499
Total assets 18,973 282,084 317,542
Lending 4,220 137,860 227,092

Lending results

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AIIB loans are fully transparent and publicly accessible on AIIB's website.[105]: 85 

2016

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During 2016, AIIB committed a total of $1.73 billion to nine projects, among which six projects are joint initiatives with other international lenders such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. It had achieved its loan target of $1.2 billion for the first year.[106][107]

2016 AIIB lending[106][107]
Approval date Country Purpose Amount M$ Co-lenders
24 June 2016 Tajikistan Road improvement 27.5 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
24 June 2016 Bangladesh Power distribution lines 165.0 none
24 June 2016 Pakistan Motorway construction 100.0 Asian Development Bank and United Kingdom's Department for International Development
24 June 2016 Indonesia Redevelopment of poor districts 216.5 World Bank
27 September 2016 Pakistan Hydropower plant 300.0 World Bank
27 September 2016 Myanmar Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power plant 20.0 International Finance Corporation, the Asian Development Bank and certain commercial lenders
8 December 2016 Oman Railways 36.0 none
8 December 2016 Oman Port facilities 265.0 none
21 December 2016 Azerbaijan Gas pipeline 600.0 A number of other multilateral development banks including the World Bank and other commercial entities
Total 1,730.0

2017

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2017 AIIB lending[106][107]
Approval date Country Purpose Amount M$ Co-lenders
22 March 2017 Indonesia Regional Infrastructure Development Fund Project 100.0 World Bank
22 March 2017 Indonesia Dam Operational Improvement and Safety Project Phase II 125.0 World Bank
22 March 2017 Bangladesh Natural Gas Infrastructure and Efficiency Improvement Project 60.0 Asian Development Bank
2 May 2017 India Andhra Pradesh 24x7 – Power For All 160.0 World bank and Government of Andhra Pradesh
5 June 2017 Georgia Batumi Bypass Road Project 114.2 Asian Development Bank
15 June 2017 India India Infrastructure Fund 150.0 Other investors
15 June 2017 Tajikistan Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project, Phase I 60.0 World Bank and Eurasian Development Bank
4 July 2017 India Gujarat Rural Roads Project 329.0 Government of Gujarat
4 September 2017 Egypt Egypt Round II Solar PV Feed-in Tariffs Program 17.5 International Finance Corporation and other lenders
27 September 2017 India Transmission System Strengthening Project 100.0 Asian Development Bank and Power Grid Corporation of India
27 September 2017 Philippines Metro Manila Flood Management Project 207.60 World Bank
8 December 2017 India Bangalore Metro Rail Project – Line R6 335.0 European Investment Bank and other lenders
8 December 2017 Oman Broadband Infrastructure Project 239.0 none
8 December 2017 China Beijing Air Quality Improvement and Coal Replacement Project 250.0 Beijing Municipality, China CDM Fund and Beijing Gas
Total

2018

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2018 AIIB lending[106][107]
Approval date Country Purpose Amount M$ Co-lenders
9 February 2018 Bangladesh Bhola IPP 60.0 none
11 April 2018 India Madhya Pradesh Rural Connectivity Project 140.0 World Bank
24 June 2018 India National Investment and Infrastructure Fund 100.0 Government of India
24 June 2018 Turkey Tuz Golu Gas Storage Expansion Project 600.0 World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, BOTAS and commercial loans
24 June 2018 Indonesia Strategic Irrigation Modernization and Urgent Rehabilitation Project 250.0 World Bank
28 September 2018 India Andhra Pradesh Rural Roads Project 455.0 Government of Andhra Pradesh
28 September 2018 Egypt Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program 300.0 World Bank
28 September 2018 Turkey TSKB Sustainable Energy and Infrastructure On-lending Facility 200.0 none
7 December 2018 Indonesia Mandalika Urban and Tourism Infrastructure Project 248.39 Government of Indonesia
7 December 2018 India Andhra Pradesh Urban Water Supply and Septage Management Improvement Project 400.0 Government of Andhra Pradesh

2019

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2019 AIIB lending[106][107]
Approval date Country Purpose Amount M$ Co-lenders
26 March 2019 Bangladesh Power System Upgrade and Expansion Project 120.0 Government of Bangladesh and Power Grid Corporation of Bangladesh
26 March 2019 Laos National Road 13 Improvement and Maintenance Project 40.0 Government of Laos, NDF and IDA
4 April 2019 Sri Lanka Reduction of Landslide Vulnerability by Mitigation Measures Project 80.0 Government of Sri Lanka
4 April 2019 Sri Lanka Colombo Urban Regeneration Project 200.0 Government of Sri Lanka and private partner
21 May 2019 Nepal Upper Trisuli I Hydropower Project 90.0 ADB, IFC, Korean Consortium
11 July 2019 Turkey Efeler 97.6 MW Geothermal project 100.0 EBRD
11 July 2019 Bangladesh Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Project 100.0 World Bank, IDA, Government of Bangladesh
11 July 2019 Cambodia Fiber Optic Communication Network Project 75.0 None
11 July 2019 India L&T Green Infrastructure On-Lending Facility 100.0 None
26 September 2019 Pakistan Karachi Water and Sewerage Services Improvement 40.0 World Bank
26 September 2019 India Tata Cleantech Sustainable Infrastructure On-Lending Facility 75.0 TCCL
11 November 2019 Pakistan Karachi Bus Rapid Transit 71.81 ADB
12 November 2019 Turkey TKYB Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency On-Lending Facility 200.0 None
6 December 2019 India Rajasthan 250 MW Solar Project–Hero Future Energies 65.0 International Finance Corporation
6 December 2019 India Rajasthan 250 MW Solar Project–Hero Future Energies 65.0 International Finance Corporation
12 December 2019 China Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Low Carbon Energy Transition and Air Quality Improvement Project 500.0 None
12 December 2019 India West Bengal Major Irrigation and Flood Management Project 145.0 World Bank
12 December 2019 Egypt National Bank of Egypt On-Lending Facility for Infrastructure 150.0 None
12 December 2019 Kazakhstan Zhanatas 100 MW Wind Power Plant 46.7 Sponsors and other financial institutions
12 December 2019 Russian Federation Transport Sector Investment Loan 500.0 None
12 December 2019 Uzbekistan Rural Infrastructure Development Project 82.0 World Bank
12 December 2019 Turkey Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project 300.0 World Bank
12 December 2019 Nepal Power Distribution System Upgrade and Expansion Project 112.3 Nepal Electricity Authority

2020

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2020 AIIB lending[106][107]
Approval date Country Purpose Amount M$ Co-lenders
17 January 2020 Bangladesh Dhaka and West Zone Transmission Grid Expansion Project 200.0 ADB
11 February 2020 Oman Ibri II 500MW Solar PV Independent Power Plant Project 60.0 ADB
3 April 2020 Bangladesh Sylhet to Tamabil Road Upgrade Project 404.0 None
3 April 2020 Uzbekistan Bukhara Region Water Supply and Sewerage (BRWSSP) 385.1 None
16 April 2020 Bangladesh Dhaka Sanitation Improvement 170.0 World Bank
7 May 2020 India COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project 500.0 World Bank
7 May 2020 Indonesia COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program 750.0 ADB
7 May 2020 Bangladesh COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program 250.0 ADB
7 May 2020 Georgia Emergency COVID-19 Response Project 100.0 World Bank
28 May 2020 Philippines COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program 750.0 ADB
16 June 2020 Mongolia COVID-19 Rapid Response Program 100.0 ADB
16 June 2020 India COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) 750.0 ADB
16 June 2020 Pakistan COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program 500.0 ADB
22 June 2020 Uzbekistan Bukhara Road Network Improvement Project (Phase 1) 165.5 None
22 June 2020 Indonesia Emergency Response to COVID-19 Program 250.0 World Bank
30 June 2020 Maldives COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project 7.30 World Bank
30 June 2020 Kazakhstan COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program 750.0 ADB
30 June 2020 Turkey COVID-19 Credit Line Project 500.0 None
16 July 2020 Pakistan Resilient Institutions for Sustainable Economy (RISE) Program 250.0 World Bank
16 July 2020 Turkey Izmir Metro Expansion Phase 4: Fahrettin Altay – Narlidere Line Project 56.0 EBRD, BSTDB
16 July 2020 Georgia COVID-19 Crisis Mitigation 50.0 World Bank
16 July 2020 Vietnam COVID-19 Response Facility 100.0 IFC
13 August 2020 Fiji Sustained Private Sector-Led Growth Reform Program 50.0 ADB
13 August 2020 Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz Emergency Support for Private and Financial Sector Project 50.0 World Bank
13 August 2020 Uzbekistan Healthcare Emergency Response Project 100.0 ADB
27 August 2020 Turkey COVID-19 Medical Emergency Response (MER) Project 82.6 EBRD
27 August 2020 Bangladesh COVID-19 Emergency Response and Pandemic Preparedness Project 100.0 World Bank
10 September 2020 Maldives Greater Malé Waste-to-Energy Project 40.0 ADB
24 September 2020 India HDFC Line of Credit for Affordable Housing 200.0 None
24 September 2020 Indonesia Multifunctional Satellite PPP Project 150.0 None
15 October 2020 Laos Climate Resilience Improvement of National Road 13 South Project (Section 3) 30.0 None
15 October 2020 China Legend Capital Healthcare Technology Fund 30.0 None
15 October 2020 Russian Federation Russian Railways COVID-19 Emergency Response Project 300.0 None
16 October 2020 Bangladesh Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Human Capital Development Project 200.0 World Bank
29 October 2020 India Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) 500.0 ADB
25 November 2020 Uzbekistan National Bank for Foreign Economic Activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan COVID-19 Credit Line Project 200.0 None
25 November 2020 Turkey Akbank COVID-19 Crisis Recovery Facility 100.0 None
25 November 2020 Ecuador Corporación Financiera Nacional COVID-19 Credit Line Project 50.0 WB

2024

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2024 AIIB lending
Approval date Country Purpose Amount M$ Co-lenders
22 May 2024 Philippines Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge 1.14 ADB

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Signatories of the Memorandum of Understanding
  2. ^ Membership suspended indefinitely pending results of investigation

References

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