Anti-Somali sentiment or Somalophobia refers to fear, hostility, or other negative attitudes towards Somalis or Somali culture.
Terminology
editAnti-Somali sentiment is sometimes referred to by the countable sense Somaliphobe or the uncountable sense of Somaliphobia,[1] or Somaliphobic sentiment.[2] The antonym and opposite sentiment is referred to by the countable sense Somaliphile, or its uncountable equivalent of Somaliphilia.[3]
Scope
editThe 2000s and early 2010s saw major sporadic outbreaks of violence against Somali shopkeepers in South Africa. This violence has been attributed to jealousy over the success of Somali businesses, and ethnic tensions.[4] However, some writers have attributed such hostility to a wider xenophobia, since other non-South Africa Africans were targeted as well.[2]
In the United States
editSomali Americans have experienced Anti-Somali sentiment and it is sometimes expressed in the context of anti-immigration sentiment.[5][6] Anti-Somali sentiments sometimes overlap with Islamophobic sentiments and Racism in the United States.
On 30 October 2015, Asma Jama (a Muslim woman of Somali descent and Kenyan nationality) was viciously beaten for speaking Swahili in an Applebee's on the outskirts of Minneapolis. The perpetrator of that violence was charged with third-degree assault. In June 2016, two Somalis were shot after wearing their traditional clothing.[7] A week prior to the shooting, a Somali halal shop in the city was vandalized.[8] Minneapolis City Council member Abdi Warsame discussed anti-Somali sentiments in the aftermath of the shooting of Justine Damond by a Somali police officer.[9] In Dodge City, Kansas several Somali men were the victims of hate crimes ranging from racial slurs to serious bodily injury in 2016.[10] Due to the high concentration of Somali-Americans in Minnesota, anti-immigration sentiment has been used as a campaign talking point, including by candidate Donald Trump during his 2024 presidential campaign.[11]
Abusiveness
editThere are also some pejorative terms that serve to dehumanize Somalis. The term skinnie became popularized with the film Black Hawk Down. The term has been said to allude to reducing Somalis to their humanitarian struggles[12] and National Public Radio has suggested that its usage deprives Somalis of their own point of view.[13] The term Abdi is also sometimes pejoratively used to refer to male Somalis.[14]
The Associated Press's stylebook suggested that Somali is the correct demonym or adjective, rather than Somalian.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Tension Runs High In Kenya's 'Little Mogadishu'". NPR.org.
- ^ a b "Does South Africa black-phobic blacks suffer inferiority complex? – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". www.sudantribune.com.
- ^ The Road to Hell, Michael Maren, 2009
- ^ Charman, Andrew, and Laurence Piper. "Xenophobia, criminality and violent entrepreneurship: violence against Somali shopkeepers in Delft South, Cape Town, South Africa." South African Review of Sociology 43.3 (2012): 81–105.
- ^ "Integration Center coffee encourages communication". 18 December 2017.
- ^ "MPS and Somali Community Gather on Parliament Hill to Mourn the Victims of the Mogadishu Attack".
- ^ "Lauderdale Man Charged In Alleged 'Hate Crime' Shootings". CBS News. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ Harvard, Sarah A. (1 July 2016). "2 Muslim Men Were Shot Near Minneapolis Mosque, Police Are Investigating as Hate Crime". Mic. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "Warsame blasts anti-Somali rhetoric in wake of Damond shooting". Star Tribune. 24 July 2017.
- ^ "Kansas Men Sentenced for Roles in Federal Hate Crime Against Black Somali Men". www.justice.gov. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ Herndon, Astead W. (20 June 2019). "'These People Aren't Coming From Norway': Refugees in a Minnesota City Face a Backlash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ Behnke, Andreas. "The re-enchantment of war in popular culture." Millennium 34.3 (2006): 937–949.
- ^ Jacobson, Harlan. "Bad day at black rock." Film Comment 38.1 (2002): 28.
- ^ Phoenix, Aisha. "Somali young women and hierarchies of belonging." Young 19.3 (2011): 313–331.
- ^ "AP Stylebook on Twitter".