Anochetus conisquamis is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from one possibly Miocene fossil found on Hispaniola. A. conisquamis is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antilles.
| Anochetus conisquamis Temporal range:
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| Anochetus conisquamis holotype | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Genus: | Anochetus |
| Species: | †A. conisquamis
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| Binomial name | |
| †Anochetus conisquamis De Andrade, 1994
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History and classification
editAnochetus conisquamis is known from a solitary fossil insect which, along with two Kalotermitid termites and two flies, is an inclusion in a transparent yellow chunk of Dominican amber.[1] The amber was produced by the extinct Hymenaea protera, which formerly grew on Hispaniola, across northern South America and up to southern Mexico. The specimen was collected from an undetermined amber mine in fossil-bearing rocks of the Cordillera Septentrional mountains of northern Dominican Republic.[2][3] The amber dates from at least the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene, based on studying the associated fossil foraminifera and may be as old as the Middle Eocene, based on the associated fossil coccoliths. This age range is due to the host rock being secondary deposits for the amber, and the Miocene the age range is only the youngest that it might be.[2]
At the time of description, the holotype specimen was preserved in the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart amber collections in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The holotype fossil was first studied by entomologist Maria L. De Andrade of the University of Basle with her 1991 type description of the new species being published in the journal Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). The specific epithet conisquamis is derived from a combination of the Latin conicus meaning "cone-shaped" and squama meaning "scales" in reference to the cone shaped petiolar node.[1]
The species is one of eight Anochetus which have been described from Dominican amber. Two species were described prior to A. conisquamis, A. corayi in 1980 and A. brevidentatus in 1991. The remaining five species; A. ambiguus, A. dubius, A. exstinctus, A. intermedius, and A. lucidus were all described by De Andrade in the same 1994 paper as A. conisquamis.[1] A number of modern species live in the Greater Antilles, with at least three modern species found on Hispaniola.[4]
Description
editThe Anochetus conisquamis type specimen is well preserved, though some body structures were lost prior to entombment. The specimen has an estimated body length of 5.48 millimetres (0.216 in), with a 1.08 millimetres (0.043 in) long head and 0.84 millimetres (0.033 in) long mandibles. The overall coloration of the species is a dark brown to black, with the coxae, front third of the petiole, and portions of the trochanters a yellow-reddish tone. The mandibles are just under the width of the head and about one-quarter the length, flare in width from the base to tips and have between ten teeth that decrease in size from the tips to the bases. The apical three teeth on each mandible blade are elongated and slender for grasping prey. Both the mesonotum and pronotum have a slight "u" shaped profile, with the undersides of each curved upwards. The propodium sports short spines, 0.04 millimetres (0.0016 in) long, on the rear edge, while the petiole has a single longer spine, centrally placed; this single spine is nipple-shaped, and is the source of the species name.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d De Andrade, M. L. (1994). "Fossil Odontomachiti Ants from the Dominican Republic (Amber Collection Stuttgart: Hymenoptera, Formicidae. VII: Odontomachiti)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 199: 1–28.
- ^ a b Poinar, G.; Heiss, E. (2011). "New Termitaphididae and Aradidae (Hemiptera) in Mexican and Dominican amber" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 4: 51–62.
- ^ Woodruff, R.E. (2009). "A new fossil species of stag beetle from Dominican Republic amber, with Australasian connections (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)". Insecta Mundi. 0098: 1–10.
- ^ Feitosa, R. M.; Lacau, S.; Da Rocha, W. D.; Oliveira, A. R.; Delabie, J. H. C. (2012). "A giant new arboreal species of the ant genus Anochetus from Brazil (Formicidae: Ponerinae)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 48 (3–4): 253–259. doi:10.1080/00379271.2012.10697774.