Animal breeding

This article is about breeding of animals by humans. For breeding of animals in the wild, see Breeding in the wild. For other uses, see Animal breeding (disambiguation).

Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation (using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods) of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of livestock. Selecting for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or with other desirable traits has revolutionized livestock production throughout the entire world. The scientific theory of animal breeding incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics, statistics, and recently molecular genetics and is based on the pioneering work of Sewall Wright, Jay Lush, and Charles Henderson.

Breeding stock

Breeding stock is a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred animals, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and presumably superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, when breeding swine for meat, the "breeding stock should be sound, fast growing, muscular, lean, and reproductively efficient." The "subjective selection of breeding stock" in horses has led to many horse breeds with particular performance traits. While breeding animals is common in an agricultural setting, it is also a common practice for the purpose of selling animals meant as pets, such as cats, dogs, horses, and birds, as well as less common animals, such as reptiles or some primates.

Purebred breeding

See also: Purebred

Mating animals of the same breed for maintaining such breed is referred to as purebred breeding. Opposite to the practice of mating animals of different breeds, purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best", employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline or "breed" superior in certain respects to the original base stock.

Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organisation that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books. The observable phenomenon of hybrid vigor stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity.

For laboratory purposes, organisms such as mice have been inbred to 100% pure lines, as offered for sale by the Jackson laboratory. But this is highly unusual and difficult to do for most organisms, in whose populations all individuals harbor recessive, deleterious gene variants (alleles).

See also

• Animal husbandry

Plant and animal breeding

• Artificial insemination of livestock and pets
• Artificial selection
• Agricultural science
• Backyard breeder
• Genomics of domestication
• Plant breeding
• Progeny testing
• Selective breeding
• Selection limits

People

• Robert Bakewell
• Arthur B. Chapman
• James Hutton
• Thomas Lecky

Other topics

• BLUPF90 and ASReml: software packages for animal breeding statistics
• Veterinary medicine
  • Veterinary surgeon
  • Veterinarian

Further reading

The seven biggest breeders

• Lush, JL (1937), Animal Breeding Plans, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press
• Kempthorne, O (1957), Introduction to Statistic Genetics, John Wiley & Sons
• Van Vleck; L. D.; Searle; S. R. (1979), Variance components and animal breeding: proceedings of a conference in honor of C.R. Henderson, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
• Henderson, CR (1984), Applications of linear models in animal breeding, Guelph, Ont: University of Guelph, ISBN 0-88955-030-1
• Hammond K. Gianola, D. (1990), Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences), Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K, ISBN 3-540-50809-0
• Massey, JW; Vogt, DW (1993), Heritability and Its Use in Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, archived from the original on 2009-04-12, retrieved 2008-09-13
• Mrode, R. A. (1996), Linear models for the prediction of animal breeding values, Oxon: CAB International, ISBN 0-85198-996-9
• Cameron, N. D. (1997), Selection indices and prediction of genetic merit in animal breeding, Oxon: CAB International, ISBN 0-85199-169-6
• Dalton, C; Willis, MB (1998), Dalton's Introduction to Practical Animal Breeding, Oxford: Blackwell Science, ISBN 0-632-04947-2
• Bourdon, RM (2000), Understanding animal breeding, Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-096449-2
• Newman, S; Rothschild, MF (2002), Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics, Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub, ISBN 0-85199-641-8
• FAO. (2007). The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.
• FAO. (2010). Breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 3. Rome.
• FAO. (2015). The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.

External links

• Domestic Animal Diversity Information System
• Guidelines For Uniform Swine Improvement Programs, National Swine Improvement Federation, 2003, archived from the original on 2008-10-21
• Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
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Academic centers

• Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Netherlands, 23 March 2022{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, University of Georgia, USA
• Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Canada
• Animal Breeding & Genetics, Cornell University, USA, 12 September 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Animal Breeding & Genetics, Iowa State University, USA, archived from the original on 2009-03-04, retrieved 2008-09-06
• Breeding and Genetics Program, Colorado State University, USA, archived from the original on 2008-10-12
• Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Australia
• European Graduate School in Animal Breeding and Genetics (EGS-ABG), AgroParisTech, France ; Wageningen University, Netherlands ; Aarhus University, Denmark ; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

Journals

• "Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics", Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics (1986), ISSN 0931-2668, archived from the original on 2008-12-12, retrieved 2008-09-06

Organizations

• Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Australia
• Roslin Institute, Scotland
• Animal Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, USA, archived from the original on 2008-09-20
• Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USA, archived from the original on 2008-10-12, retrieved 2008-09-06
• Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, Australia, archived from the original on 2008-07-19
• INRA, Institut National de la Recherché Agronomique, France
• INIA, Instituto Nacional Investigación Agraria, Spain, archived from the original on 2013-08-12