A 19th century community of the Métis people of Canada, the Anglo-Métis, more commonly known as Countryborn, were children of fur traders; they typically had Scots (Orcadian, mainland Scottish), or English fathers and Indigenous mothers, often Cree, Anishinaabekwe (notably often Saulteaux), Nakoda, amongst others.[1] They were also known as "English halfbreeds." Some Anglo-Metis still identify by this name.[2] Their first languages were generally those of their mothers: Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine, etc. and English. Some of their fathers spoke Gaelic or Scots, leading to the development of the creole language known as "Bungee".[3] Some scholars have started spelling Métis as "Metis" to acknowledge the presence and contributions of the Anglo-Métis and the complex history of the Métis people overall.[4]
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Today part of the Métis people (Canada). (Anglo-Metis were a pre-20th century ethnic group) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Canada | |
| Languages | |
| Bungee, English, Scottish Gaelic (Gaelic), Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine, Hand Talk | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Anglican, Presbyterian | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Cree, Ojibwa, Orcadians, Scottish Canadians, English Canadians, other Métis |
History
editThe Anglo-Métis, like their francophone cousins, lived in the Prairies and the area adjacent to the Red River Colony[2][5] but also in fur trading and military settlements in Ontario along the Great Lakes[6] and James Bay.[7] There also some records of Anglo-Métis families descending from relationships between British soldiers and Indigenous women of various tribes.[6] They then tended to identify more with the politically and economically dominant British culture of Canada. If they were descended from Scottish fur traders and Indigenous women, they were often baptized as part of the Presbyterian church if their fathers chose to acknowledge their existence. Case studies have been done on the birth and baptism registers at the St. Gabriel Street Presbyterian Church in Montreal because it provides a good example of how Métis children adjusted to staying temporarily or living in an urban environment that was considerably foreign compared to the remote, rural fur trading settlements or Indigenous camps in which they were born.[1] Thus, most Anglo-Métis were the result of relationships, officially recognized by the Church or not, between English and Scottish fur traders and Indigenous women.[8][9][10] The ethnicity of their fathers also determined which of the competing fur trading companies they might end up working for as adults. If they were descended from English fur traders, they generally worked for the Hudson's Bay Company.[10] If they were descended from Scottish fur traders, they generally worked for the North West Company, also known as "Nor'Westers."[1] Additionally, the Anglo-Métis/Countryborn had a more sedentary lifestyle of farming than the francophone Métis community, whose men were generally hunters and trappers. The French-speaking Métis were somewhat more nomadic because they relied upon hunting as a trade and food resource.[citation needed] The Anglo-Métis played a role in both the Red River Rebellion of 1869 and the North-West Rebellion of 1885, as they suffered from similar issues of racial discrimination and land problems as their francophone brethren.[citation needed]
By the 19th century, the English-speaking and French-speaking Métis had become quite similar culturally and were moving closer to each other in opposition to the British-Canadian majority.[citation needed] Their musical traditions, especially in the case of fiddle music, were derived from both British Isles and France, as was the Métis traditional dance referred to as "jigging," or the "Red River Jig." Their complexion ranged from fair skinned, blond hair, and blue eyed to dark skinned, with dark hair and dark eyes. [citation needed] Métis elders say that no distinctions were made between individuals based upon complexion within the community. Family, culture, and strong identification with their Christian faith were the unifying bond them.[citation needed] The two communities' primary differences lay in their languages and Christian religious affiliations those of French descent were generally Roman Catholic, and those of British descent were Protestant.[citation needed] Most Countryborn were Anglican or Presbyterian.[1] They were involved in a mixed economy of subsistence farming and bison hunting throughout most of the 19th century and also found employment with the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company.[citation needed]
The Countryborn were often known in the 19th century as "mixed-bloods," "Black Scots," "Native English," or "Half-Breeds" (the last term is now considered pejorative).[citation needed] The French-speaking Metis referred to them simply as les métis anglais or les autres métis. Anglo-Metis gradually came to see themselves as being hardly different from the French-speaking Métis. [citation needed]
Today, the two groups are no longer politically distinct, and are commonly known on the Canadian Prairies simply as Métis.[citation needed]
Prominent Anglo-Métis/Countryborn include James Isbister, Thomas McKay, and John Norquay.
Over and above its inaccuracy, Scots may consider the application of the term "Anglo" to their ethnicity as racist.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Brown, J. S. H. (1985). “Diverging identities: The Presbyterian Métis of St. Gabriel Street, Montreal.” In Peterson, J. & Brown, J. (eds.) The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America (pp. 195-206). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
- ^ a b Adams, C., Peach, I., Dahl, G. (eds.) (2013). Métis in Canada: History, Identity, Law & Politics. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
- ^ Blain, Eleanor M. (1989). The Bungee dialect of the Red River settlement. (MA thesis, University of Manitoba).
- ^ Macdougall, B., Podruchny, C., & St-Onge, N. (2012). “Introduction: Cultural Mobility and the Contours of Difference.” In St-Onge, N. et al. (eds.), Contours of a People: Metis Family, Mobility, and History (pp. 3-21). Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press.
- ^ Spry, I. (1985). “The Métis and Mixed-Bloods of Rupert’s Land before 1870.” In Peterson, J. & Brown, J. (eds.) The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America (pp. 95-118). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
- ^ a b Campbell, S. ““I shall settle, marry, and trade here": British military personnel and their mixed-blood descendants.” (2007). In Lischke, U. & McNab, D., (eds.) The Long Journey of a Forgotten People: Métis Identities and Histories (pp. 81-108). Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
- ^ Long, J. (1985). “Treaty No. 9 and Fur Trade Company Families: Northeastern Ontario’s Halfbreeds, Indians, Petitioners, and Métis.” In Peterson, J. & Brown, J. (eds.), The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America (pp. 137–62). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
- ^ Brown, J. S. H. (1996). “Fur Trade as Centrifuge: Familial Dispersal and Offspring Identity in Two Company Contexts.” In DeMallie, R. J., & Ortiz, A. (eds.), North American Indian Anthropology: Essays on Society and Culture (pp. 197-219). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- ^ Brown, J. S. H. (1980). Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Families in Indian Country. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
- ^ a b Van Kirk, S. (1976). “‘The Custom of the Country’: An Examination of Fur Trade Marriage Practices.” In Thomas, L. H. (ed.), Essays on Western History in Honour of Lewis Gwynne Thomas (pp. 49-68). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
- Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion, and Audreen Hourie. Metis legacy Michif culture, heritage, and folkways, Metis Legacy series, v. 2, Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2006. ISBN 0-920915-80-9
- Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Prefontaine. Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography, Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001. ISBN 1-894717-03-1
- "Metis: The Western Metis". The Canadian Encyclopedia
- Peoples and Treaties of the province of Alberta
- From Rupert's Land to Canada
- Scotland's Lost Braves
- Oral histories of Manitoba and Saskatchewan Metis/Michif Elders.