Andrée Geulen-Herscovici (6 September 1921 – 31 May 2022) was a Belgian teacher and member of the resistance during the German occupation of Belgium during World War II. After becoming aware of the persecution of Belgian Jews through her employment, she became involved in the Committee for the Defence of Jews (Comité de Défense des Juifs, or CDJ; Joods Verdedigingscomité, JVC) in 1943 and actively assisted with the organisation and protection of "hidden children" amid the Holocaust in Belgium. In the aftermath of the war, she was recognised as Righteous among the Nations by the Israeli institute Yad Vashem and received several other honours in Belgium and Israel.
Andrée Geulen | |
|---|---|
 Geulen, pictured in 2010 | |
| Born | 6 September 1921 Schaerbeek, Belgium |
| Died | 31 May 2022 (aged 100) |
| Occupation | Teacher |
| Known for | Involvement with the Committee for the Defence of Jews during the Holocaust in Belgium |
Biography
editCareer and resistance activities
editAndrée Geulen was born in Schaerbeek, a suburb of Brussels, on 6 September 1921 into a liberal family of the urban bourgeoisie.[1] After the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940, the country was placed under military occupation and Geulen became a schoolteacher and received a job in a primary school in central Brussels in 1942.[1] She became aware of the escalating persecution of Jews through witnessing the introduction of the compulsory yellow badge used to identify Jews in public among the pupils in her class.[1][2]
Through an introduction by Ida Sterno, another teacher in the same school, Geulen became involved with the small Committee for the Defence of Jews (Comité de Défense des Juifs, or CDJ; Joods Verdedigingscomité, JVC) in the spring of 1943 and became one of its few non-Jewish members.[1] Her role was to contact Jewish families in Brussels and to persuade them to give up their children to the care of CDJ/JVC who would place them as "hidden children" in the care of Catholic families, schools, and religious institutions under false identities.[1] Geulen was among a number of women members in its "Children" section.[3]
Geulen taught and lived at the Athénée royal Isabelle Gatti de Gamond, a boarding school in the Brussels suburb of Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, whose headmistress, Odile Ovart-Henri, had already agreed to host 12 hidden children at the school.[4] The school on the Rue André Fauchille was raided by the German authorities on Pentecost in May 1943 and some of the children were detained. Geulen herself was interrogated, but escaped to warn some of the Jewish pupils who had not been at the school at the time. Ovart and her husband Remy were both deported to a concentration camp, and did not survive the war.[4] In the aftermath of the raid, Geulen went into hiding with Sterno and assumed a false identity, as Claude Fournier.[4] Sterno was arrested in May 1944.[4] Geulen was personally involved in the arrangements made for 300 Jewish children whom she collected and accompanied to Catholic schools and monasteries. She remained active with the CDJ/JVC until the Liberation of Brussels in September 1944.[1][4]
Postwar life and recognition
editAfter the war, Geulen became involved with the Jewish community in Belgium and maintained contact with the children with whom she had come into contact. She was involved in trying to reunite the hidden children with surviving family members and became actively involved in the relief organisation Aid for Israelite Victims of the War (Aide aux Israélites Victimes de la Guerre, AIVG) which supported Jewish survivors of Nazi concentration camps in Belgium.[4][1] She became involved in activism for pacifist and anti-racist causes.[1] She married Charles Herscovici, a Jewish concentration camp survivor of Roma origin, in 1948.[1]
Geulen was recognized with the honorific Righteous Among the Nations in 1989. She was granted honorary Israeli citizenship in a ceremony at Yad Vashem in 2007, as part of the "Children Hidden in Belgium during the Shoah" International Conference.[5] Upon accepting the honor, Geulen-Herscovici said, "What I did was merely my duty. Disobeying the laws of the time was just the normal thing to do."[6] She received honorary citizenship of the municipality of Ixelles.[7]
Geulen's 100th birthday on 6 September 2021 was covered in the press in Belgium.[8] The same year, a creche in Brussels was renamed in her honour.[9] She died on 31 May 2022 in Ixelles.[10]
See also
edit- Jeanne Daman, a Belgian teacher with a similar background active in protecting Jews during the Holocaust
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Corthals, Michèle. "Geulen-Herscovici Andrée". Belgium-WWII (in Dutch). CEGESOMA. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Berger, Joseph (7 June 2022). "Andrée Geulen, Savior of Jewish Children in Wartime, Dies at 100". New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
- ^ Decoster, Gérald (16 December 2021). "Andrée Geulen, dite "Mademoiselle Andrée" et le sauvetage des enfants juifs" (in French). RTBF. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Andree Geulen-Herscovici". The Righteous Among the Nations. Yad Vashem. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Belgian Who Rescued 300 Children to Receive Honorary Citizenship at Yad Vashem Ceremony Tomorrow", Yad Vashem, 17 April 2007.
- ^ Aron Heller Woman honored for saving kids from Nazis Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 18 April 2007.
- ^ "Andrée Geulen: Elle a changé leur vie" (in French). Commune of Ixelles. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Andrée Geulen, l'institutrice bruxelloise qui a sauvé des milliers d'enfants juifs pendant la guerre, fête ses 100 ans" (in French). BX1. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
- ^ "Une crèche rebaptisée en hommage à la résistante Andrée Geulen" (in French). BX1. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Andrée Geulen, l'institutrice bruxelloise qui a sauvé des milliers d'enfants juifs pendant la guerre, est décédée" (in French). BX1. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
Further reading
edit- Vromen, Suzanne (2008). Hidden Children of the Holocaust: Belgian Nuns and their Daring Rescue of Young Jews from the Nazis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518128-9.
- Steinberg, Lucien (1973). Le Comité de défense des juifs en Belgique, 1942-1944. Brussels: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles.
- Dambreville, Frédéric (2022). Les disparus de Gatti de Gamond. Brussels: CFC-Editions. ISBN 978-2-87572-075-7.