Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP-PCR or AFLP) is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering. Developed in the early 1990s by Pieter Vos,[1] AFLP uses restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA, followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of the restriction fragments. A subset of the restriction fragments is then selected to be amplified. This selection is achieved by using primers complementary to the adaptor sequence, the restriction site sequence and a few nucleotides inside the restriction site fragments (as described in detail below). The amplified fragments are separated and visualized on denaturing on agarose gel electrophoresis, either through autoradiography or fluorescence methodologies, or via automated capillary sequencing instruments.
Although AFLP should not be used as an acronym, it is commonly referred to as "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are not scored as length polymorphisms, but instead as presence-absence polymorphisms.[2]
AFLP-PCR is a highly sensitive method for detecting polymorphisms in DNA. The technique was originally described by Vos and Zabeau in 1993.[3][2] In detail, the procedure of this technique is divided into three steps:
- Digestion of total cellular DNA with one or more restriction enzymes and ligation of restriction half-site specific adaptors to all restriction fragments.
- Selective amplification of some of these fragments with two PCR primers that have corresponding adaptor and restriction site specific sequences.
- Electrophoretic separation of amplicons on a gel matrix, followed by visualisation of the band pattern.
Applications
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The AFLP technology has the capability to detect various polymorphisms in different genomic regions simultaneously. It is also highly sensitive and reproducible. As a result, AFLP has become widely used for the identification of genetic variation in strains or closely related species of plants, fungi, animals, and bacteria. The AFLP technology has been used in criminal and paternity tests, also to determine slight differences within populations, and in linkage studies to generate maps for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis.
There are many advantages to AFLP when compared to other marker technologies including randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and microsatellites. AFLP not only has higher reproducibility, resolution, and sensitivity at the whole genome level compared to other techniques,[4] but it also has the capability to amplify between 50 and 100 fragments at one time. In addition, no prior sequence information is needed for amplification (Meudt & Clarke 2007).[5] As a result, AFLP has become extremely beneficial in the study of taxa including bacteria, fungi, and plants, where much is still unknown about the genomic makeup of various organisms.
The AFLP technology is covered by patents and patent applications of Keygene N.V. AFLP is a registered trademark of Keygene N.V.
References
edit- ^ Vos, P., Hogers, R., Bleeker, M., Reijans, M., Lee, T. van de, Hornes, M., Frijters, A., Pot, J., Peleman, J., Kuiper, M. (11 November 1995). "AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting". Nucleic Acids Research. 23 (21): 4407–4414. doi:10.1093/nar/23.21.4407. ISSN 0305-1048.
- ^ a b Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, et al. (November 1995). "AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting". Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (21): 4407–14. doi:10.1093/nar/23.21.4407. PMC 307397. PMID 7501463.
- ^ Zabeau, M and P. Vos. 1993. Selective restriction fragment amplification: a general method for DNA fingerprinting. European Patent Office, publication 0 534 858 A1, bulletin 93/13.
- ^ Mueller UG, Wolfenbarger LL (October 1999). "AFLP genotyping and fingerprinting". Trends Ecol. Evol. 14 (10): 389–394. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.2957. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01659-6. PMID 10481200.
- ^ Meudt HM, Clarke AC (March 2007). "Almost forgotten or latest practice? AFLP applications, analyses and advances". Trends Plant Sci. 12 (3): 106–17. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.02.001. PMID 17303467.
External links
editSoftware for analyzing AFLP data
- CLIQS 1D Pro Automated electrophoresis (gel-based or capillary) band-matching and databasing of AFLP fragments
- BioNumerics Gelcompar II (Discontinued[1]) One universal platform to manage and analyze all your biological data including AFLP
- KeyGene Quantar Suite Versatile marker scoring software
- SoftGenetics GeneMarker fragment analysis software
Freeware for analyzing AFLP data
- SourceForge Genographer Free software for manual scoring (Java application)
- SourceForge RawGeno Free automated scoring (R CRAN environment, including a user-friendly GUI)
Online programs for simulation of AFLP-PCR
- ALFIE - BProkaryotes or uploaded sequences
- In silico AFLP-PCR for prokaryotes, some eukaryotes or uploaded sequences
- Enzymes for AFLP New England Biolabs
- AFLP Technology note at KeyGene
- AFLP Applications
- ^ "Attention all GelCompar II users". 8 May 2018.