Alexander Stuart Watt FRS[1](21 June 1892 – 2 March 1985) was a Scottish botanist and plant ecologist.[2][3]
Alexander Stuart Watt | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 21 June 1892 Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Died | 2 March 1985 (aged 92) Cambridge, England |
| Alma mater | University of Aberdeen |
| Known for | cyclic succession in ecology |
| Awards | Linnean Medal (1975) Fellow of the Royal Society[1] |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Ecology |
| Institutions | University of Cambridge |
Life
editWatt was born on an Aberdeenshire farm and went to school at Turriff Secondary School and Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen. He graduated as MA and BSc (in agricultural science) from the University of Aberdeen in 1913.[4] He then went to University of Cambridge to work on beech forest under Arthur Tansley and obtained a MS in 1919 (after interruption by military service 1916–1918). From working with Tansley, Watt became part of an academic lineage descended from Thomas Henry Huxley and Charles Darwin. Tansley had studied with Francis W. Oliver (1864–1951) at University College, London, who in turn had been mentored by E. Ray Lankester (1847–1929) at University of Cambridge, a student of George Rolleston (1829–1881) at University of Oxford, who had been in turn mentored by Thomas Henry Huxley —"Darwin's bulldog"— in London.[5]
He was appointed lecturer of forest botany and forest zoology at the University of Aberdeen. He continued his research on southern English beech forest in vacations and obtained a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1924.
In 1929, he became lecturer of forestry at University of Cambridge and, when this undergraduate subject was given up, lecturer of forest botany – "a title which scarcely reflected his wide interest in and influence on plant ecology".[4] He retired from university in 1959, but continued work – publishing in the Journal of Ecology as late as 1982, 63 years after his first publication in this journal.[6]
He accepted to be visiting lecturer at the University of Colorado in 1963 and visiting professor at the University of Khartoum in 1965. In 1970, he co-organized a symposium science in nature conservation.[7]
He was president of the British Ecological Society 1946–1947.
Fellow of the Royal Society since 1957.[1]
He was awarded the Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society in 1975.
Scientific impact
editWatt's 1947 paper Pattern and process in the plant community in the Journal of Ecology, being his presidential address to the British Ecological Society,[8] is a true citation classic in scientific ecology.[9][10] The paper describes the plant community "as a working mechanism, which maintains and regenerates itself". The view it advocated that a plant community consists of a mosaic of phases differing in the stage of the life cycle of the dominant species, with correlated effects on the accompanying species.[4] One of the examples given by Watt concerns the dynamics between grasses and dwarf-shrubs in sandy heathland. The 50th anniversary of the paper was celebrated by a special issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science.[11]
Watt published a long series of scientific papers in the New Phytologist under the collective heading "Contributions to the ecology of bracken" (1940–1971). Watt was a posthumous co-author of the substantive account on bracken in the Biological Flora of the British Isles.[12] Watt wrote a series of preliminary drafts that were extended and updated by his co-author.
Much of Watt's field studies were centred on the Breckland not far from Cambridge. Here, he studied the effect of grazing and dereliction on grassland vegetation.[13][14]
References
edit- ^ a b c Greig-Smith, P. (1990). "Alexander Stuart Watt. 21 June 1892 – 2 March 1985". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 35: 404–423. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0019.
- ^ "Dr Alexander Stuart Watt, F.R.S. 1982–1985". Journal of Ecology. 74 (1): 295–300. 1986. JSTOR 2260365.
- ^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31812. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c Grieg-Smith, P. (1982) A.S. Watt, F.R.S.: A biographical note. Pp. 9–10 in Newman, E.I., The plant community as a working mechanism. Special publication series of the British Ecological Society No. 1; Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford.
- ^ Greig-Smith, Peter. 1990. Alexander Stuart Watt: 21 June 1892 – 2 March 1985. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 35): pp. 404–423.
- ^ Watt, A. S. (1919). "On the Causes of Failure of Natural Regeneration in British Oakwoods". Journal of Ecology. 7 (3): 173–203. Bibcode:1919JEcol...7..173W. doi:10.2307/2255275. JSTOR 2255275.
- ^ Duffey, E. & A.S. Watt (1971) The scientific management of animal and plant communities for conservation. The 11th symposium of The British Ecological Society, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 7–9 July 1970. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford.
- ^ Watt, A. S. (1947). "Pattern and Process in the Plant Community". Journal of Ecology. 35 (1): 1–22. Bibcode:1947JEcol..35....1W. doi:10.2307/2256497. JSTOR 2256497.
- ^ Current Contents no. 30, 1986
- ^ McIntosh, R.P. (1989). "Citation classics of ecology". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 64 (1): 31–49. doi:10.1086/416129. JSTOR 2831684. S2CID 85266757.
- ^ Maarel, E. V. D. (1996). "Pattern and Process in the Plant Community: Fifty Years after A.S. Watt". Journal of Vegetation Science. 7 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:1996JVegS...7...19V. doi:10.2307/3236412. JSTOR 3236412.
- ^ Marrs, R. H.; Watt, A. S. (2006). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn". Journal of Ecology. 94 (6): 1272–1321. Bibcode:2006JEcol..94.1272M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01177.x. S2CID 85114338.
- ^ Watt, A. S. (1981). "A Comparison of Grazed and Ungrazed Grassland a in East Anglian Breckland". Journal of Ecology. 69 (2): 499–508. Bibcode:1981JEcol..69..499W. doi:10.2307/2259680. JSTOR 2259680.
- ^ Watt, A. S. (1981). "Further Observations on the Effects of Excluding Rabbits from Grassland a in East Anglian Breckland: The Pattern of Change and Factors Affecting it (1936–73)". Journal of Ecology. 69 (2): 509–536. Bibcode:1981JEcol..69..509W. doi:10.2307/2259681. JSTOR 2259681.