The Al-Shams (Bengali: আল-শামস; Urdu: الشمس; lit. 'The sun') was a collaborationist paramilitary wing allied with several Islamist parties in East Pakistan,[1] comprising both local Bengalis and Muhajirs.[2] Alongside the Pakistan Army and Al-Badr, Al-Shams has been accused of participating in widespread atrocities against Bengali nationalists, civilians, and religious and ethnic minorities during the 1971 war.[3] Following the war, the government of Bangladesh officially banned the group.
| Al-Shams | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Fazlul Quader Chowdhury |
| Foundation | March 1971 |
| Dissolved | December 16, 1971 |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Allegiance |  Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
Military junta of Pakistan |
| Headquarters | East Pakistan |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Major actions | War crimes, genocide, looting, rape, mass murder, arson, kidnapping |
| Notable attacks | |
| Status | Inactive |
| Allies | Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Pakistan Army |
| Opponents |  Provisional Government of Bangladesh
|
| Battles and wars | Bangladesh War of Independence |
Naming and inspirations
editAl-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun' and also the name of a Surah in the Quran, Surat Ash-Shams. Al Shams and Al-Badr were local Bengali and Bihari[2] armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army.[4]
Background
editOn 25 March 1971, after Operation Searchlight, the exiled leadership of what is now Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan and armed campaign against the Pakistan Army began. This struggle was spearheaded by elements of Mukti Bahini with strong support from India. As most of the locals were in support of Mukti Bahini and those who were not were killed by Mukti Bahini, the Pakistan Army, composed largely of elements from Punjab,[5] found itself and its cause pretty much alienated from the local populace.
To counter this situation, the Pakistan Army accepted help from political parties, proclaiming Jihad against Indians, to seek unity among the population for the two wings of Pakistan. The PPP played an active role in its formation.[6] It also recruited from the Urdu speaking Bihari population of East-Pakistan.[7] This was between the Pakistan Army and the pro-independence forces and their supporters (Indians and Mukti Bahini). To recruit the local populace into fighting the independence movement, two sister organisations Al Badr (literally meaning The Moon, but also has a reference to the famous Battle of Badr) and Al Shams were formed.[8]
Genocide
editThe Al-Shams guarded infrastructure and provided logistics and intelligence support to the army. It also arrested suspects and transported them to interrogation centres that used torture.[9] It carried out looting, rape and violence on the civilian population.[10][failed verification]
According to witnesses before the International Crimes Tribunal, the Al Shams was under the command of Fazlul Quader Chowdhury and led on the ground by his son Salauddin Quader Chowdhury in Chittagong.[11] The other important members were former M.P. Syed Wahidul Alam of Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Saifuddin Quader Chowdhury, the younger brother of Saluddin Quader Chowdhury.[11] They used to patrol the neighbourhoods of Satkania, Rauzan, Boalkhali, Patia and Rangunia in a jeep. They would set fire to Hindu houses and arrest anybody they suspected of being supportive towards the Mukti Bahini.[11] The suspects were taken to Salauddin Quader Chowdhury's residence Goods Hill, which had been converted to a torture cell, where they were tortured and killed. Their bodies were disposed of in the Karnafuli.[11]
On 12 December, the Al Shams and the Al Badr leadership jointly prepared the blueprint for killing the intellectuals. The Al Shams and Al Badar leadership met with Major General Rao Farman Ali and finalised the blueprint.[12]
Abolition
editThe general surrender of 16 December 1971 resulted in almost all armed resistance from the Pakistan and pro-Pakistan side and the two organisations ceasing to exist.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Al-Shams". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ^ a b Saikia, Yasmin (2011). Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. Duke University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8223-9428-0.
- ^ "Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha". LUBP. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- ^ Iqbal, Khuram (2015). The Making of Pakistani Human Bombs. Lexington Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4985-1649-5.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). Pakistan : nationalism without a nation? (1st ed.). New Delhi: Manohar Publ. p. 54. ISBN 1842771175.
- ^ Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. p. 39. ISBN 8176485489.
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-56858-515-4.
- ^ Roy, Kaushik; Gates, Scott (2014). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Ashgate Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4724-0579-1.
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-1-56858-515-4.
- ^ Saikia, Yasmin (2011). Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. Duke University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8223-9428-0.
- ^ a b c d ফকার নেতৃত্বে সাকার তত্ত্বাবধানে ছিলো আল-শামস'. Banglanews24.com (in Bengali). Dhaka. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ ১২ই ডিসেম্বর আল বদর এবং আল শামস তৈরী করে বুদ্ধিজীবি হত্যার নীল নকশা. Ekushey TV (in Bengali). Dhaka. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.