Wikipedia

Aircraft ground handling

In aviation, aircraft ground handling or ground operations defines the servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground and (usually) parked at a terminal gate of an airport.

Aircraft ground handling of a Lufthansa Airbus A380 at Frankfurt Airport in Germany.

Overview

edit
 
Icelandair Boeing 757 being serviced by another airline; SAS at Gardermoen Airport
 
A ground-handling tug pulls a British Airways Boeing 747-400 at Heathrow Airport, England
 
Airbus A380-800 operated by Qatar Airways on apron outside Heathrow Terminal 4 with a wide range of ground handling equipments around such as aircraft container, pallet loader, ULD, jet air starter, belt loader, pushback tug, catering vehicles and dollies.

Many airlines subcontract ground handling to airports, handling agents or even to another airline. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), conservative estimates indicate airlines outsource more than 50 per cent of the ground handling that takes place at the world's airports.[1] Ground handling addresses the many service requirements of an airliner between the time it arrives at a terminal gate and the time it departs on its next flight. Speed, efficiency, and accuracy are important in ground handling services in order to minimize the turnaround time (the time during which the aircraft must remain parked at the gate).[2] Faster turnarounds for lower ground times are correlated to better profits.[3]

Airlines with less-frequent service or fewer resources at a particular location sometimes subcontract ground handling or on-call aircraft maintenance to another airline, as it is a short-term cheaper alternative to setting up its own ground handling or maintenance capabilities.

 
Catering-truck at Chania International Airport.
Credit: Marius Vassnes

Airlines may participate in an industry-standard Mutual Assistance Ground Service Agreement (MAGSA). The MAGSA is published by the Air Transport Association (the current version is from 1981) and is used by airlines to assess prices for maintenance and support to aircraft at so-called MAGSA Rates, which are updated annually based on changes in the U.S. Producer Price Index.[citation needed] Airlines may choose to contract for ground handling services under the terms of a Standard Ground Handling Agreement (SGHA) published in the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airport Handling Manual.[4] Airlines may also contract for ground handling services under non-standard terms.

Most ground services are not directly related to the actual flying of the aircraft, and instead involve other tasks. The major categories of ground handling services are described below.

Aircraft Appearance and Provisioning

edit

Services related to aircraft cleanliness and passenger comfort:

  • Cabin cleaning – cleaning seats, galleys, and lavatories. Resetting the cabin (folding seatbelts, uniform seat and window shade position) to appear untouched.
  • Lavatory service – exterior service of lavatory by draining and filling of waste tanks.
  • Provisioning – replacing literature, blankets, pillows, and consumable supplies.
  • Security search – searching aircraft for prohibited items as required by airline policy or regulatory requirement.
  • Water service – exterior service of aircraft water system by filling tank with potable water for use inflight.

Catering

edit
Main article: Catering

Catering includes the unloading of unused food and drink from the aircraft, and the loading of fresh food and drink for passengers and crew. In flight airline meals are delivered at the seats in airline service trolleys. Empty or trash-filled trolley from the previous flight are replaced with fresh ones. Meals are prepared mostly on the ground in order to minimize the amount of preparation (apart from chilling or reheating) required in flight.

While some airlines provide their own catering, others have either owned catering companies in the past and divested themselves of the companies, or have outsourced their catering to third-party companies. Airline catering sources include the following companies:

Ramp service

edit
 
Luggage being unloaded from a Northwest Airlines Boeing 757-200 at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 
A British Airways aircraft being refueled
 
KLM Pushback tractor and a ground power unit
 
Lavatory drainage

This includes services on the ramp or apron, such as:

Passenger service

edit
 
Business jet cleaning

This includes services inside the airport terminal such as:

  • Providing check-in counter services for the passengers departing on the customer airlines.
  • Providing gate arrival and departure services. The agents are required to meet a flight on arrival as well as provide departure services including boarding passengers and closing the flight.
  • Staffing the transfer counters, customer service counters and airline lounges.

Challenges faced by ground handling

edit

1. Technological Transformation and Digital Integration

edit

Ground-handling companies are experiencing a rapid technological revolution that demands significant investments and adaptive strategies.

2. Workforce Management and Skill Development

edit

The human element remains crucial in ground handling, presenting multiple challenges:

  • Labor Shortages: Recruiting and retaining skilled personnel in a competitive job market
  • Training and Upskilling: Developing comprehensive training programs to keep pace with technological advancements
  • Workforce Diversity and Inclusion: Creating inclusive work environments that attract talent from diverse backgrounds

3. Economic Pressures and Cost Management

edit

Economic volatility continues to impact ground handling operations:

  • Rising Operational Costs: Managing increased expenses related to fuel, equipment maintenance, and technological upgrades
  • Competitive Pricing: Balancing competitive service rates with sustainable business models
  • Resource Optimization: Implementing lean operational strategies to maximize efficiency

4. Environmental Sustainability Challenges

edit

Sustainability has become a critical focus for ground handling companies:

  • Carbon Emission Reduction: Developing strategies to minimize environmental impact
  • Green Technology Adoption: Investing in electric ground support equipment and sustainable infrastructure
  • Regulatory Compliance: Meeting increasingly stringent environmental regulations

5. Post-Pandemic Operational Adaptations

edit

The lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to shape ground handling operations:

  • Health and Safety Protocols: Maintaining robust health safety measures
  • Flexible Operational Models: Developing agile response mechanisms to potential future disruptions
  • Enhanced Passenger Experience: Implementing touchless technologies and streamlined processes

Field operation service

edit

This service dispatches the aircraft, maintains communication with the rest of the airline operation at the airport and with Air Traffic Control.

List of notable handling agents

edit

Asia

edit

Turkey

Bangladesh

edit

India

edit
  •   Air India Airport Services Limited – all Indian airports – presently providing services at 74 airports in India
  •   Air India SATS Airport Services Private Limited – Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Trivandrum, Mangalore, Cochin
  •   LAS Ground Force Handling – Goa, Udaipur, Bagdogra
  •   Bhadra International India Pvt Ltd – Chennai
  •   Bird Worldwide Flight Services Pvt Ltd – Delhi, Mumbai, Kochi
  •   Livewel Aviation – Mumbai, Delhi
  •   Globe Ground India – Ahmadabad, Bangalore
  •   Indo Thai Airport Management Services Pvt Ltd – Amritsar, Lucknow, Mohali
  •   Agile Airport Services Pvt Ltd – presently providing services at 8 airports in India

Hong Kong

edit

Japan

edit

Korea

edit

Laos

edit

Nepal

edit

Pakistan

edit

Singapore

edit

Philippines

edit

Taiwan

edit

Thailand

edit

The Caribbean

edit

Bahamas

edit

Barbados

edit

Jamaica

edit

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

edit

Europe

edit

Belgium

edit

Cyprus

edit
  •   LGS Handling
  • CTT Aviation Ltd.
  •   SWISSPORT

Denmark

edit

Finland

edit

France

edit

Greece

edit
  •   Goldair
  •   Skyserv
  •   Swissport hellas

Ireland

edit
  •   Sky Handling Partner

Italy

edit

Latvia

edit
  •   HAVAS Ground Handling Co.

Lithuania

edit

Netherlands

edit

Norway

edit

Poland

edit

Portugal

edit

Sweden

edit

Switzerland

edit

Turkey

edit

United Kingdom

edit

Middle East

edit

North and Central America

edit

Canada

edit

Cuba

edit

Mexico

edit

United States

edit
  • Airport Terminal Services (ATS)
  • Total Airport Services (TAS)
  • WFS Express

South America

edit

Peru

edit

Uruguay

edit
  •   Candysur S.A.

Oceania

edit

Australia

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ International Air Transport Association, Ground Handling, International Air Transport Association, archived from the original on 5 October 2013
  2. ^ Gomez, F; Scholz, D (2009), Improvements to ground handling operations and their benefits to direct operating costs (PDF), Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2013
  3. ^ "The correlation between airline ground time and profits". AirInsight. May 8, 2017.
  4. ^ International Air Transport Association, Airport Handling Manual (AHM), International Air Transport Association, archived from the original on 18 October 2013
  5. ^ Wignall, Alec (27 November 2022). "How it works: the aircraft turnaround – AeroTime". Aerotime. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  6. ^ "FBO, Ground Handling in Singapore (WSSL)". Universal Aviation. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Services assistance aéroport: Handling, assistance en escale – Samsic".
  8. ^ "London Heathrow, United Kingdom (LHR)". aa.com.
  9. ^ "Ryanair Appoints Handler at London Stansted Airport – Ryanair's Corporate Website". 15 October 2018.
  10. ^ "Cobalt Ground Solutions".
  11. ^ "GATWICK GROUND SERVICES LIMITED – Overview (free company information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.
  12. ^ "Signature BHX | Fixed Base Operator (FBO) at Birmingham Airport". signatureflight.com.

Further reading

edit
  • ISO 9001:2008—Quality management systems
edit

  Media related to Aircraft ground handling at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_ground_handling&oldid=1263859617"