Wikipedia

LGBTQ rights in the Americas

(Redirected from African-American culture and sexual orientation)

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) rights are complex and diverse in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBTQ persons varies widely.

LGBTQ rights in the Americas
Status of same-sex marriage and other types of same-sex partnerships in the Americas.
  Same-sex marriage1
  Other type of registered partnership1
  Limited domestic recognition1
  Foreign marriages recognized for residency only
  Unrecognized
  Constitution restricts marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Unenforced ban on same-sex sexual activity
1May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.
StatusLegal in 30 out of 35 states; equal age of consent in 26 out of 35 states
Legal in all 21 territories; equal age of consent in 16 out of 21 territories
Gender identityLegal in 13 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 21 territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 14 out of 29 states that have an army
Allowed in all 21 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 22 out of 35 states
Protected in 14 out of 21 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 11 out of 35 states
Recognized in 18 out of 21 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
AdoptionLegal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 13 out of 21 territories

Same-sex marriages are currently legal in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, United States and Uruguay. Free unions that are equivalent to marriage have begun to be recognized in Bolivia. Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, the British Overseas Territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, all French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, French Guiana, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, Aruba, and Curaçao, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognised in Sint Maarten. More than 800 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage.[1] The Supreme Courts of Honduras,[2] Panama,[3] Peru[4] and Suriname[5] have rejected the IACHR advisory opinion, while the Supreme Courts of Costa Rica and Ecuador adhered to it. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay are also under the court's jurisdiction, but already had same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.

However, five other nations still have unenforced criminal penalties for "buggery" on their statute books.[6] These are Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, of which Guyana is on mainland South America, while the rest are Caribbean islands. They are all former parts of the British West Indies. In addition, in Anguilla, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Paraguay, Montserrat, Suriname and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the age of consent is higher for same-sex sexual relations than for opposite-sex ones, and in Bermuda, the age of consent for anal sex is higher than that for other types of sexual activities.

Religion and LGBT acceptance

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The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestants, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships. These were followed by the Eastern Orthodox church,[7] the Methodist Church,[8][9] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[10] and the American Baptist Church,[11] as well as conservative evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention.[12][13][14] Pentecostal churches, such as the Assemblies of God,[15] as well as restorationist churches (like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons), also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is ‘sinful’.[16][17]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopalian church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church (also in America), the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), as well as some congregations of the Presbyterian Church in America. Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church (in the US) are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.[18] In addition, in the United States, conservative Judaism, reform Judaism, and reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Americas
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
  Argentina Ipsos 2023 71%[19] 24% 6%
  Brazil Ipsos 2023 69%[19] 22% 9%
  Canada Ipsos 2023 74%[19] 17% 9%
  Chile CADEM 2022 70%[20] 28% 2%
  Colombia Ipsos 2023 53%[19] 40% 7%
  Mexico Ipsos 2023 60%[19] 34% 6%
  Peru Ipsos 2023 51%[19] 42% 7%
  United States Ipsos 2023 64%[19] 26% 10%
  Uruguay Equipos Consultores 2013 52%[21] 39% 9%
  Venezuela Equilibrium Cende 2023 48%[22]
(55%) 		39%
(45%) 		13%
 
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR advisory opinion
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced
 
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced
 
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico
  Same-sex marriage
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Island subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBTQ rights by country or territory
Tables:

North America

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LGBTQ rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
  Bermuda
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 1994; equal age of consent since 2019
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Domestic partnerships since 2018[23]   Was legal between November 2018 and March 2022 and between May 2017 and June 2018   Legal since 2015[24]   UK responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[25]  
  Canada   Legal since 1969; equal age of consent since 1987
+ UN decl. sign.[6][26] 		  Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[27]
Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[28]
Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[29]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[30] 		  Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[31]   Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[32]   Since 1992[33]; Includes transgender people[34]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Ban on conversion therapy since 2022 nationwide   Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[35][36][37][38]
  Greenland
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) 		  Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[39]   Legal since 2016   Stepchild adoption since 2009;[40]
joint adoption since 2016[41] 		  The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence   Bans some anti-gay discrimination[6]   Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[42][43]
  Mexico   Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		 /  Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[44] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[45] Campeche (2013),[46] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[47] Michoacán (2015), Tlaxcala (2017), and Veracruz (2020)   Starting in 2010; nationwide since 2022  /  Legal in Mexico City (2010),[48] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Jalisco (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Aguascalientes (2018), San Luis Potosi (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Yucatán (2021), Nayarit (2022), Quintana Roo (2022), Baja California Sur (2022), Zacatecas (2023), Tabasco (2024), Durango, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León (the latter three never had adoption bans)[49][50]   (ambiguous)   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[51] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Mexico City (2020), México (2020), Baja California Sur (2020), Colima (2021), Tlaxcala (2021), Oaxaca (2021), Yucatán (2021), Zacatecas (2021), Baja California (2022), Hidalgo (2022), Jalisco (2022), Puebla (2022), Sonora (2022), Nuevo León (2022), Querétaro (2023), Sinaloa (2023), Quintana Roo (2023), Morelos (2023), Guerrero (2024), Michoacán (2024), and nationwide (2024).  /  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[52] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021), México (2021), Morelos (2021), Sinaloa (2022), Zacatecas (2022), Durango (2023), Yucatán (2024), and Campeche (2024). [53]
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France) 		  Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[54]   Legal since 2013[55]   Legal since 2013[56]     Bans all anti-gay discrimination[57]   Under French law[58]
  United States   Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Domestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009).
Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013). 		  Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015   Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016  /  Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy.
Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.[59]
"Transvestites" are currently banned from the military since 2012.[60]
Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[60] 		 /  Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009. 		 /  Since April 11, 2022 by legal self determination – gender X became available and recognized formally on US passports.[61] Gender change is legal on birth certificates (under varying conditions by state), in 48 states + DC.
Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC.
Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.

Central America

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LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
  Belize   Legal since 2016[62]           Bans all anti-gay discrimination[63][64][65]  [66]
  Costa Rica   Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[67][68]   Legal since 2020   Legal since 2020[69] Has no military   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[6]  /  Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018. Legal gender cannot be changed. Sex indicator removed from all ID cards issued since May 2018[70][71][72] One-time sex change allowed for passports. [73]
  El Salvador   Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		       [74][75]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74]  [76] Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
  Guatemala   Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Pending         Bans some anti-gay discrimination  [77]
  Honduras   Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005   Constitutional ban since 2005;[78][79] court decision pending   Constitutional ban since 2005     Bans all anti-gay discrimination[80]  
  Nicaragua   Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		          Bans some anti-gay discrimination[6]  
  Panama   Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Court decision pending   Court decision pending   Court decision pending Has no military   Bans some anti-gay discrimination[81][82]   Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[83][84]

Caribbean

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Main article: LGBT rights in the Caribbean
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
  Anguilla
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 2001
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		        UK responsible for defence    
  Antigua and Barbuda   Legal since 2022            
  Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 		  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Registered partnerships since 2021[85]   [86]     The Netherlands responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[87]  
  Bahamas   Legal since 1991;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		       [6]    
  Barbados   Legal since 2022.  /  Foreign Domestic Partnerships recognized for immigration purposes "Welcome Stamp"[88]

Civil Unions proposed.[89]

        Bans some anti-gay discrimination[90]  
  Bonaire
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) 		  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Registered partnerships since 2012[91]   Legal since 2012[92]  [93]   The Netherlands responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[94]  
  British Virgin Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		        UK responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[95]  
  Cayman Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 2001;
Age of consent discrepancy[6]
+ UN decl. sign. 		  Civil partnerships since 2020[96]     Legal since 2020   UK responsible for defence    
  Cuba   Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Legal since 2022   Legal since 2022   Legal since 2022  [6][97]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination [98][99][100]   Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations[101]
  Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 		  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		    [102]     The Netherlands responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[103]  
  Dominica   Legal since 2024[104]
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		      Has no military    
  Dominican Republic   Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		    Constitutional ban since 2010[citation needed]    [105]    
  Grenada   Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (not enforced). [106] Legalization proposed[107]
  Female always legal[6] 		      Has no military    
  Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France) 		  Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[54]   Legal since 2013[55]   Legal since 2013[56]   France responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[57]   Under French law[58]
  Haiti   Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue)[6]       Has no military    
  Jamaica   Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed[108]
  Female always legal.[6] 		    Constitutional ban since 1962        
  Martinique
(Overseas department of France) 		  Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[54]   Legal since 2013[55]   Legal since 2013[56]   France responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[57]   Under French law[58]
  Montserrat
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		        UK responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[109]  
  Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States) 		  Legal since 2003   Legal since 2015   Legal since 2015[110]   Legal since 2015   United States responsible for defense[111][112]   Bans some anti-gay discrimination   Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery
  Saba
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) 		  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Registered partnerships since 2012[91]   Legal since 2012[92]  [93]   The Netherlands responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[94]  [113]
  Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France) 		  Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[54]   Legal since 2013[55]   Legal since 2013[56]   France responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[57]   Under French law[58]
  Saint Kitts and Nevis   Legal since 2022            
  Saint Lucia   Male illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). Legalization proposed[114]
  Female always legal[6] 		      Has no military   Bans some anti-gay discrimination  
  Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France) 		  Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[54]   Legal since 2013[55]   Legal since 2013[56]   France responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[57]   Under French law[58]
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines   Illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[6] Legalization proposed[115] 		      Has no military    
  Sint Eustatius
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) 		  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Registered partnerships since 2012[91]   Legal since 2012[92]  [93]   The Netherlands responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[94]  
  Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 		  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		   /  Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[citation needed]     The Netherlands responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[116]  
  Trinidad and Tobago   Legal since 2018[117]            
  Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 2001
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		        UK responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[6]  
  United States Virgin Islands
(Territory of the United States) 		  Legal since 1985   Legal since 2015[118]   Legal since 2015[118]   Legal since 2015[118]   United States responsible for defense[111][112]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[119]   Legislation enacted in 2022, also explicitly includes gender identity.[119]

South America

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LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
  Argentina   Legal since 1887
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[120] Río Negro Province (2003),[121] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009)
Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[122] 		  Legal since 2010[123]   Legal since 2010   Since 2009[124]  /  Legal protection in some cities;[125]
pending nationwide.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 		  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012[126]

Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [127]

  Bolivia   Legal since 1832
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		 Free unions officially recognised starting in 2020; nationwide since 2023.[128]   Constitutional ban since 2009[129]   Same-sex couples in a free union are permitted to adopt[130]   Since 2015[131][132][133]; Includes transgender people[34]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[6]   Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016[134][135][136]
  Brazil   Legal since 1830
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  "Stable unions" legal and all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[137][138]   Starting in 2011; nationwide since 2013[139][140]   Legal since 2010[141]  Since 1969[142]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[143]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[144][145] 		  Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018. The sex reassignment surgery, hormonal and psychological treatment are offered free of charge by the Brazilian Unified Health System (UHS) [146][147][148]
  Chile   Legal since 1999; equal age of consent since 2022
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil unions since 2015[149]   Legal since 2022[150]   Legal since 2022[150]   Since 2012[151]; Includes transgender people[152]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[153]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 		  Transsexual persons can change their registral sex and name since 1974.
Transgender persons can change their registral sex and name, no surgeries or judicial order for adults above 18 years old since 2019.[154]
  Colombia   Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  De facto marital union since 2007[155]   Legal since 2016[156][157]   Stepchild adoption since 2014;[158] joint adoption since 2015[159]   Since 1999[6]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[160]   Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notary, no surgeries or judicial order required[161]
  Ecuador   Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  De facto unions since 2009[162][163]   Legal since 2019[164]   LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[165]  [166]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[167]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014 		  Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required[168][169]
  Falkland Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2006
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil partnerships since 2017[170]   Legal since 2017[170]   Legal since 2017   UK responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[171]  
  French Guiana
(Overseas department of France) 		  Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[54]   Legal since 2013[55]   Legal since 2013[56]   France responsible for defence   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[57]   Under French law[58]
  Guyana   Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[6] Legalization proposed[172] 		     [173]  [174]    
  Paraguay   Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1992[175]   Constitutional ban since 1992[176]    [177]   Bans some anti-gay discrimination.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2022 		 
  Peru   Legal since 1924; equal age of consent since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		 /  Limited recognition for same-sex partners of health-care workers since 2020.       Since 2009[178]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination[179][180][181][182][183]   Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required.[184][185]
  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		  Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign. 		  Legal since 2014[186]   Legal since 2014[186]     UK responsible for defence    
  Suriname   Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana);
Age of consent discrepancy 		          Bans all anti-gay discrimination[187]   Transgender persons can change their legal gender since 2022. Court order required.[188][189][190]
  Uruguay   Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Concubinage union since 2008[191]   Legal since 2013[192]   Legal since 2009[193]   Since 2009[194]   Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[195] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017   Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009.[196] Self-determination since 2018.
  Venezuela   Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[6] 		  Constitutional ban on de facto stable unions since 1999   Constitutional ban since 1999     Since 2023[197]   Bans some anti-gay discrimination[6]  

Public opinion

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Same-sex marriage

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  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[a] Margin
of error 		Source
  Antigua and Barbuda AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [198]
  Argentina Ipsos 2023 70%
 16% [8% support some rights]
 14% not sure ±3.5% [199]
  Aruba 2021 46% [200]
  Bahamas AmericasBarometer 2014 11% - - [201]
  Belize AmericasBarometer 2014 8% - - [201]
  Bolivia AmericasBarometer 2017 35% - - [198]
  Brazil Ipsos 2023 51%
 29% [15% support some rights]
 20% not sure ±3.5% [b] [199]
  Canada Ipsos 2023 69%
 17% [7% support some rights]
 15% not sure ±3.5% [199]
  Chile Ipsos 2023 65%
 24% [18% support some rights]
 12% ±3.5% [199]
  Colombia Ipsos 2023 49% 33% [21% support some rights]
 18% [199]
  Costa Rica CIEP 2018 35% 64% 1% [202]
  Cuba Gallup 2019 63.1% 36.9% [203]
  Dominica AmericasBarometer 2017 10% - - [198]
  Dominican Republic CDN 37 2018 45% 55% - [204]
  Ecuador AmericasBarometer 2019 22.9% 51.3% 25.8% [205]
  El Salvador Universidad Francisco Gavidia 2021 82.5% [206]
  Grenada AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [198]
  Guatemala AmericasBarometer 2017 23% - - [198]
  Guyana AmericasBarometer 2017 21% - - [201]
  Haiti AmericasBarometer 2017 5% - - [198]
  Honduras CID Gallup 2018 17% 75% 8% [207]
  Jamaica AmericasBarometer 2017 16% - - [198]
  Mexico Ipsos 2023 58%
 28% [17% support some rights]
 14% not sure ±4.8% [b] [199]
  Nicaragua AmericasBarometer 2017 25% - - [198]
  Panama AmericasBarometer 2017 22% - - [198]
  Paraguay AmericasBarometer 2017 26% - - [198]
  Peru Ipsos 2023 41% 40% [24% support some rights]
 19% ±3.5% [b] [199]
  Saint Kitts and Nevis AmericasBarometer 2017 9% - - [198]
  Saint Lucia AmericasBarometer 2017 11% - - [198]
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines AmericasBarometer 2017 4% - - [198]
  Suriname AmericasBarometer 2014 18% - - [201]
  Trinidad and Tobago AmericasBarometer 2014 16% - - [201]
  United States Marquette 2022 72%
 28%
 – [208]
Selzer 2022 74%
(83%) 		13%
(17%) 		13% not sure [209][210]
Quinnipiac 2022 68%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		10% [211]
Ipsos 2023 54%
 31% [14% support some rights]
 15% not sure ±3.5% [199]
  Uruguay Equipos Consultores 2019 59% 28% 13% [212]
  Venezuela Equilibrium Cende 2023 55%
(63%) 		32%
(37%) 		13% [213]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory and sub-national entities
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[a] Margin
of error 		Source
  Aguascalientes INEGI 2017 - 35.9% - [214]
  Baja California INEGI 2017 - 30.7% - [214]
  Baja California Sur INEGI 2017 - 42.1% - [214]
  Bermuda OUTBermuda 2020 53% 35% 11% [215]
  Campeche INEGI 2017 - 56.1% - [214]
  Chiapas INEGI 2017 - 58.7% - [214]
  Chihuahua INEGI 2017 - 36.4% - [214]
  Coahuila INEGI 2017 - 46.8% - [214]
  Colima INEGI 2017 - 39.2% - [214]
  Durango INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [214]
  Guanajuato INEGI 2017 - 38.7% - [214]
  Guerrero INEGI 2017 - 54% - [214]
  Hidalgo INEGI 2017 - 41.7% - [214]
  Jalisco INEGI 2017 - 34.2% - [214]
  Mexico City INEGI 2017 - 28.6% - [214]
  Michoacán INEGI 2017 - 46% - [214]
  Morelos INEGI 2017 - 38.5% - [214]
  Nayarit INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [214]
  Nuevo León INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [214]
  Oaxaca INEGI 2017 - 52.2% - [214]
  Puebla INEGI 2017 - 37.1% - [214]
  Puerto Rico Pew Research Center 2014 33% 55% 12% [216]
  Querétaro INEGI 2017 - 32.4% - [214]
  Quintana Roo INEGI 2017 - 37.9% - [214]
  San Luis Potosí INEGI 2017 - 38.6% - [214]
  Sinaloa INEGI 2017 - 37.7% - [214]
  Sonora INEGI 2017 - 31.4% - [214]
  State of Mexico INEGI 2017 - 33.8% - [214]
  Tabasco INEGI 2017 - 56.5% - [214]
  Tamaulipas INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [214]
  Tlaxcala INEGI 2017 - 43.9% - [214]
  Veracruz INEGI 2017 - 54.3% - [214]
  Yucatán INEGI 2017 - 43% - [214]
  Zacatecas INEGI 2017 - 37.4% - [214]


See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ a b Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  2. ^ a b c [+ more urban/educated than representative]

References

edit
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Further reading

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  • Corrales, J. (2021). The Politics of LGBT Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
  • Díez, Jordi. The politics of gay marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
  • Dion, Michelle L., and Jordi Díez. "Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same-sex marriage in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 59.4 (2017): 75–98.
  • Encarnación, Omar G. "Latin America's gay rights revolution." Journal of Democracy 22.2 (2011): 104–118.
  • Encarnación, Omar Guillermo. Out in the periphery: Latin America's gay rights revolution (Oxford University Press, 2016).
  • Navarro, María Camila, et al. "Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors." International Journal of Sexual Health (2019): 1–12.
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