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LGBTQ rights in Guyana

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Guyana face legal and societal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Guyana is the only country in South America, and the only mainland country in the Americas, where homosexual acts, including anal sex and oral sex, are illegal. Cross-dressing was illegal until November 2018, when the statute was struck down by the Caribbean Court of Justice, the court of last resort of Guyana.

LGBTQ rights in Guyana
Guyana
StatusIllegal
PenaltyUp to life imprisonment (not enforced; legalization proposed)
Gender identityNo
MilitaryNo
Discrimination protectionsNone
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex relationships
AdoptionNo

Efforts to decriminalize homosexual behavior have gained momentum from legal developments in neighboring countries with a common legal heritage as former British colonies. In August 2016 the Belize Supreme Court, and in April 2018, the High Court of Trinidad and Tobago, each ruled that laws criminalizing homosexuality in their respective jurisdictions were unconstitutional. These landmark rulings have been noted as potential legal precedents to strengthen the case for repeal of Guyana's corresponding laws, with all three countries having related jurisprudence.[1][2]

Guyanese society tends to view homosexuality and transgender people negatively, though attitudes are slowly changing and becoming more accepting. The country's first pride parade took place in June 2018 with the support of various political and religious leaders, making it the first such event in the English-speaking Caribbean. It has inspired other countries to hold their own pride parades such as Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Lucia. The country's second pride parade took place in June 2019.[3] Subsequent events in 2020, and 2021 had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but Guyana's LGBT community held its largest event in the capital Georgetown in June 2022, with another planned in 2023.[4][5]

Laws about same-sex sexual activity

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See also: Criminalisation of homosexuality § Impact of colonialism and imperialism

In common with other former British colonies, Guyana had criminal codes imposed by its colonial rulers. Prohibitions against "buggery", "gross indecency", and "indecent behaviour" were widely enacted across the British Empire in the nineteenth century. Although the terms are not explicitly defined in law, their English common law interpretation was well established by the time the Criminal Law (Offences) Act (1893) was introduced in Guyana. The country inherited the Act itself and the common law understanding of its provisions; these were retained following independence, long after the repeal of such offences in Britain.[6]

The criminalisation of same-sex activity under the Act are contained in the following provisions:'[7][8]

Section 351 Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or is a party to the commission, or procures or attempts to procure the commission, by any male person, of any act of gross indecency with any other male person shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and liable to imprisonment for two years.

Section 352[a] Everyone who–
 (a) attempts to commit buggery;
 [...]
shall be guilty of felony and liable to imprisonment for ten years.

Section 353 Everyone who commits buggery ... shall be guilty of felony and liable to imprisonment for life.

Section 354 Everyone who–
 (a) does any indecent act in any place to which the public have or are permitted to have access; or
 (b) does any indecent act in any place, intending thereby to insult or offend any person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour and liable to imprisonment for two years.

Decriminalization efforts

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See also: LGBT rights in Belize and LGBT rights in Trinidad and Tobago § Decriminalisation efforts

Following a call to decriminalise homosexuality from the United Nations Special Envoy on HIV/AIDS to the Caribbean, Dr. Edward Greene,[9] the Guyanese Government announced in April 2012 that it was launching a national debate on whether to overhaul the country's laws that discriminate against LGBT people. Religious groups voiced their opposition to any changes in those laws.[10] In 2013, the Government created a parliamentary commission to decide whether to scrap the country's buggery laws. It started receiving public submissions in early 2014.[11]

During the 2015 elections, both major political parties expressed support for LGBT rights. The People's Progressive Party stated that: "We believe that all Guyanese must be free to make choices and must not be discriminated against because of their ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual orientation."[12] The electoral manifesto of APNU-Alliance for Change, the largest party in Parliament, calls for an end to discrimination against LGBT people.

In April 2017, the Government announced it would hold a referendum to decide whether to decriminalise homosexuality.[13] No definite plans were announced, and in May 2017, Pink News reported that no referendum would be held, with the initial reports being characterised as a "misunderstanding".[14] The LGBT advocacy organisation, SASOD, were not in favour of such a referendum, fearing it would likely foster expressions of homophobia.[15]

President David A. Granger supports legalising same-sex sexual acts. In 2016, he said: "I am prepared to respect the rights of any adult to indulge in any practice which is not harmful to others."[14]

In August 2016, the Belize Supreme Court struck down Belize's sodomy ban as unconstitutional. One impediment to a similar reform process in Guyana is the "savings clause" contained in the country's Constitution. The clause has the effect of preventing judicial review of laws inherited from the British Empire, even in cases where they may undermine human rights.[16]  

In May 2019, the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination stated that it hopes the Legal Affairs Ministry's Law Reform Commission, after meeting with stakeholders, will be able to update the "archaic" laws in keeping with international practices. This would see the removal of discriminatory clauses.[17]

Family and relationship policy

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Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR advisory opinion
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced

Same-sex relationships

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Same-sex marriage and civil unions do not exist in Guyana.[18]

Adoption and parenting

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According to the U.S. Department of State, an LGBT person is not disqualified from adopting a child in Guyana. Both married and single people may adopt.[19]

In December 2015, the Director of Guyana's Childcare and Protection Agency (CPA) stated that the CPA does not discriminate as there are no laws barring LGBT individuals and same-sex couples from adopting, being foster parents or guardians. The statement also encourages LGBT individuals to become adoptive parents and reiterates the lack of legal barriers as the Director of the CPA can issue a mandate determining which potential applicants can adopt under the Childcare and Protection Act.[20]

Gender identity and expression

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Under Guyanese law, cross-dressing was illegal until 2018. In 2009, several transgender activists were arrested for wearing clothes of the opposite sex.[21] In 2010, Guyana Trans United launched a Supreme Court challenge against the cross-dressing law. In 2013, Chief Justice Ian Chang ruled that cross-dressing was legal unless done for an "improper purpose". Guyana Trans United appealed the case to Guyana's Court of Appeal, denouncing the law as discriminatory and unconstitutional. However, the Court of Appeal subsequently upheld Chang's ruling. The case was then appealed to the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ).[22]

At issue was the vagueness of "improper purpose" and whether the law can be challenged because of the savings clause exemption.[23] The savings clause prevents colonial-era laws from being challenged.[24] The oral arguments in the case began on 28 June 2018,[25] and the court reserved the ruling for a later date.[26] On 13 November 2018, the Caribbean Court of Justice ruled in the case Quincy McEwan, Seon Clarke, Joseph Fraser, Seyon Persaud and the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD) v The Attorney General of Guyana that Section 153(1)(XLVII) of the Summary Jurisdiction (Offences) Act is unconstitutional and must be struck down from the legal code. The panel of five judges ruled that the statute, in addition to being archaic and vague, "violated the appellants' right to protection of the law and was contrary to the rule of law".[27][28][29]

In 2017, a trans-woman was assaulted and attacked in the capital city of Georgetown. She reported the attack to the police and filed a case against her attacker before the Georgetown Magistrates Court. On 2 March 2017, the day the verdict was given, she was denied entry into the courtroom because she was not "dressed like a man". The court later dismissed her case.[22]

Discrimination protections

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In December 2000, the National Assembly of Guyana unanimously approved a proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation. But the efforts of religious leaders prior to the March 2001 elections caused President Bharrat Jagdeo to deny his assent to the amendment.[30] A new amendment, containing only the sexual orientation clause, was put before the Assembly in 2003,[30] although it made no progress and was later withdrawn by the Government.

In 2016, Minister of Social Protection Amna Ally pledged to be a "driving force" to end discrimination against LGBT people.[31] In July 2019, Ally revealed during a presentation of Guyana's statement on the ninth periodic report on the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in Geneva, Switzerland that the Guyanese Government is working to ensure all legal gaps are removed to prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. She said, "The government believes that every individual regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity has an inherent human right to live their life free from violence, abuse and discrimination."[32][33]

Living conditions

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LGBT community activity

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Guyana's first pride parade was held on 2 June 2018 in Georgetown. Hundreds of marchers called for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, and "the spread of love, not hate". Groups involved in the event included Caribbean Equality, the Guyana Rainbow Foundation, Guyana Trans United, and the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination. No violent incident occurred, and the event received notable media coverage. The British High Commission flew a rainbow flag in support of the march. In the lead up to the event, a social media post of a father writing to his lesbian daughter condemning homophobia went viral.[34][35] Global Voices said the "event allowed the country's LGBT community the opportunity to step out of the cloak of invisibility and claim their right to be proud of who they are and who they choose to love."[36] The event was the first pride parade in the English-speaking Caribbean, and has inspired other countries to hold their own similar marches such as Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Lucia.

The second pride festival was held between 28 May to 3 June 2019. On 1 June 2019, two hundred people participated in the second pride parade that was held incident-free with police protection. However, there were some persons along the route who shouted insulting words at the participants. Among the participants was MP Priya Manickchand, who "recalled times when Guyana was intolerant of the community and stated how happy she was because Guyanese have finally become more accepting". She further compared the fight for LGBT rights to the fight for women's rights.[37][38]

On 17 May 2019, the Empowering Queers Using Artistic Learning (EQUAL) organisation was launched. Its main objective is to empower LGBT persons using artistic learning or artistic education. "This empowerment will be accomplished especially by utilising the queer cultures that already exist in Guyana and molding them into positive contributions to society, so as to change the negative rhetoric that is constantly referenced in many sectors in Guyana."[39][40]

Opposition

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About 60 per cent of the population are Christians, while the remaining are mostly Hindu and Muslim. A number of religious leaders and groups have resisted proposed discrimination protections for LGBT people.[41] Shortly before the first pride parade on 2 June 2018, the Georgetown Ministers' Fellowship called on the government to ban the event, stating that LGBT people should have no right to freedom of assembly and freedom of speech. The group called the event "immoral".[42] The government ignored their request. Furthermore, the Anglican Bishop of Guyana and Suriname expressed support for the march, saying: "I disagree with the call to ban and must point out that the LGBT community has the right like all of us to march on the streets of Georgetown with police permission. We are all God's children and our rights must be protected. I am the Bishop of Guyana and I approve this message."[43]

Violence and harassment

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Discrimination and violence against LGBT people are widespread in Guyana. LGBT persons often face violence and verbal harassment in Guyana, at the hands of law enforcement, religious leaders and others, and because of this, most keep their sexual orientation hidden. A common term for gay men in Guyana is "anti-men".[36][41][44]

In May 2019, managing director of the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD), Joel Simpson, said that over the years discriminatory laws have contributed to the extortion of LGBT people by law enforcement authorities. Several cases have been recorded where victims of anti-LGBT attacks were blackmailed by police officials who threatened to arrest them due to the country's law criminalising homosexuality. Simpson added that the number of hate crimes often go unreported. The organisation has also been working with health professionals to improve their knowledge of LGBT people and with the University of Guyana and nursing schools throughout the country.[17]

In June 2019, Joel Simpson, managing director of SASOD, was the victim of an alleged homophobic attack. In what he categorised as a "hate crime", Simpson was attacked and beaten by six men early in the morning of 16 June as he was waiting to purchase food at Bourda Market, hours after being harassed by the same group at the Palm Court nightclub. He filed an official police complaint and called for hate crime legislation that covers sexual orientation and gender identity.[45][46] The Ministry of Social Protection condemned the attack and said that members of the LGBT community should be accepted for who they are.[47] One of the assailants turned himself in on 8 July 2019.[48]

In July 2019, in a case that has been described as a usage of the gay panic defence, the Guyana Court of Appeal reduced Clive Knights' conviction for the murder of insurance company executive Bert Whyte in 2012, substituting instead a conviction of manslaughter and imposing a sentence of 30 years' imprisonment. Knights claimed that he fatally stabbed Whyte after Whyte had made "unwanted homosexual advances". The conviction was reduced from that of June 2015 after he had been sentenced to 57 years in jail after a jury found him guilty of the murder.[49][50]

Public opinion

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The country's social and political norms have been heavily influenced by Christianity and the conservative mores of colonial British society. Disapproval of homosexuality has been historically widespread in Guyana's population, although social research since the 2010s, show signs that more accepting attitudes are growing in the community.[41]

According to a 2013 survey by the Caribbean Development Research Services Inc. (CADRES), roughly eight per cent of Guyanese society identified as LGBT, with about two per cent identifying as gay, one per cent as lesbian and four per cent as bisexual. Another 15 per cent answered that they did not want to state their sexual orientation. The same survey found that half of Guyanese people had a gay friend and a quarter had gay family members.[51]

The CADRES study found that about 24 per cent of respondents "hate" homosexuals, while 38 per cent were "tolerant" and 25 per cent were "accepting". Broken down by religion, the study concluded evangelical Christians were the most opposed to homosexuality and non-evangelical Christians were the most accepting. Hindus and Muslims were somewhere in between. A plurality of people in the survey stated that homosexuality was not an illness, but rather, a choice. Slightly more than half (53%) of Guyanese supported the criminalisation of homosexual acts, but more than half (52%) also stated they would be willing to change their minds if such laws "contributed to social and psychological problems" among the LGBT community.[51]

The 2013 CADRES study observed that 14 per cent of Guyanese people supported legalizing same-sex marriage, while a 2010 Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) Vanderbilt University study found that Guyana had amongst the lowest level of support in the Americas, with a score of 7.2 units (on a 0–100 point scale, indicating overall strength of support among respondents); the average score in the Americas overall was 26.8 points.[b][51][52] In comparison, the AmericasBarometer released by LAPOP in 2017 reported nearly triple the support for same-sex marriage, with the corresponding score now 20.6.[53]

Growing tolerance

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The majority of Guyanese people now accept or tolerate LGBT persons,[54] according to the findings of an October 2022 poll named "perceptions and attitudes towards LGBT Persons in Guyana" commissioned by the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD) "hatred" of LGBT people had decreased from 25 per cent in 2013 to 12 percent.[55]

Additionally, 72.4 per cent of respondents said they accept and tolerate LGBT persons (compared with 34.5 per cent in 2013). A total of 1,070 respondents were interviewed for the poll, which was conducted across most regions in Guyana, constituting a representative sample of the population in line with the national census. It concluded that "LGBT acceptance was increasing in Guyana".[56]

Religiosity

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Compared to populations in Western countries, LGBT people in Guyana tend to be more religious. According to the 2013 CADRES study, 83 per cent of LGBT Bahá’ís, and 80 per cent of LGBT Jews are actively involved in religious activities, followed by Hindus (69%), Baptists (62%), evangelical Christians (59%), Muslims (48%), and non-evangelical Christians (26%).[51]

Summary table

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Same-sex sexual activity legal   (Penalty: Up to life imprisonment – unenforced. Decriminalisation proposed)
Equal age of consent  
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only  
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services  
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)  
Same-sex marriages  
Recognition of same-sex couples  
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples  [20]
Joint adoption by same-sex couples  [20]
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military   (Since 2021)[57]
Right to change legal gender  
Access to IVF for lesbians  
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples  
MSMs allowed to donate blood  

Notes

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  1. ^ Clauses (b) and (c) of §352 deal with sexual assaults, so are intentionally omitted from the quotation, as provisions of the Act not relevant to LGBT rights. Those provisions are: " ... or (b) assaults any person with intent to commit buggery; (c) or being a male, indecently assaults any other male person ..."
  2. ^ Indicative of the wide variation in the LAPOP scores for support of same-sex marriage within countries of the Americas, are the mean scores of the three most supportive nations: Canada (63.9 points), Argentina (57.7 points), Uruguay (50.5 points). In comparison, the lowest country score is 3.5 in Jamaica –the only country score below that of Guyana's– and an average score in the Americas overall of 26.8 points.[52]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ James, Westmin R. A. (2018). "In search of progress: The implications of Caleb Orozco v. AG of Belize for the Commonwealth Caribbean". International Journal of Human Rights. 22 (5): 640–663. doi:10.1080/13642987.2017.1408590. S2CID 149124492.
  2. ^ Staples, Louis. "What Trinidad and Tobago's historic gay sex ruling means for LGBT+ rights worldwide". Indy100. The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018.
  3. ^ Chabrol, Denis (3 June 2018). "Virtually incident-free gay pride parade held in Guyana to demand election promises". Demerara Waves. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  4. ^ PACKED ‘PRIDE FESTIVAL’ RETURNS IN JUNE, retrieved 12 April 2023
  5. ^ WITH GYRATION, HIGH ENEGY AND RENEWED CALLS FOR EQUALITY - PRIDE PARADE 2022 RETURNS, retrieved 12 April 2023[dead link‍]
  6. ^ This Alien Legacy: The Origins of "Sodomy" Laws in British Colonialism. Human Rights Watch. 17 December 2008.
  7. ^ ILGA World; Lucas Ramón Mendos; Kellyn Botha; Rafael Carrano Lelis; Enrique López de la Peña; Ilia Savelev; Daron Tan (14 December 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update (PDF) (Report) (14th revised ed.). Geneva: ILGA. pp. 127–128. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2020.
  8. ^ "Chapter 008:01", Criminal Law (Offences) Act (PDF), Ministry of Legal Affairs, Government of Guyana, p. 184[dead link‍]
  9. ^ Denis Scott Chabrol (19 February 2012). "Caribbean plans regional approach to abolish gay laws". Demerara Waves Media. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012.
  10. ^ Wilkinson, Bert (4 April 2012). "Guyana seeks public opinion on controversial laws". The Salt Lake Tribune. Associated Press.
  11. ^ "Guyana's gay rights organisation preparing for parliamentary select committee" Demara Waves. Archived 13 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  12. ^ "Sexual Orientation in the Guyana 2015 Elections". dloc.com.
  13. ^ "Referendum to decide legality of homosexuality". Guyana Chronicle. 20 April 2017.
  14. ^ a b Cherubini, Elena (10 May 2017). "Guyana will not hold referendum to repeal anti-LGBT laws". PinkNews.
  15. ^ "Rights Groups believe referendum on anti-gay laws will only fuel more homophobia". News Source Guyana. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  16. ^ Burham, Margaret (1 April 2004). "Saving Constitutional Rights from Judicial Scrutiny: The Savings Clause in the Law of the Commonwealth Caribbean". University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 36 (2): 249–269. PDF —via University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository
  17. ^ a b "Police uses discriminatory laws to extort LGBT persons- SASOD". Newsroom.gy. 16 May 2019.
  18. ^ "Guyana: Treatment of homosexuals and state protection available to them (2004 - September 2006)", Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 20 October 2006 Archived 15 January 2013 at archive.today
  19. ^ ""Intercountry Adoption: Guyana", Bureau of Consular Affairs, United States Department of State, September 2010". Archived from the original on 23 November 2013.
  20. ^ a b c "Homosexuals can adopt, be foster parents, guardians – CPA Director". 16 December 2015.
  21. ^ "Transgender activists in Guyana are fighting against archaic laws". 26 March 2017.
  22. ^ a b Sharples, Carinya (26 March 2017). "Guyana's transgender activists fight archaic law". BBC News.
  23. ^ "CCJ to hear oral arguments in cross-dressing case today". Guyana Chronicle. Georgetown, Guyana. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  24. ^ Burnham, Margaret A. (2005). "Saving Constitutional Rights from Judicial Scrutiny: The Savings Clause in the Law of the Commonwealth Caribbean". University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. 36 (2). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository: 249–269. ISSN 2328-4242. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  25. ^ "CCJ to hear cross dressing appeal case today". Guyana Times. Georgetown, Guyana. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  26. ^ Loutoo, Jada (28 June 2018). "CCJ reserves ruling in Guyanese transgender appeal". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  27. ^ "CCJ rules in favour of transgender women". Stabroek News. Georgetown, Guyana. 13 November 2018. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  28. ^ "CCJ declares Guyana cross-dressing law unconstitutional". Caricom Today. 14 November 2018.
  29. ^ "Guyana's transgender community calls for protection under anti-discrimination laws". www.unaids.org. 28 February 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Constitution (Amendment Number 2) Bill No. 9 of 2003". Government Information Agency. 18 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  31. ^ "Minister Amna Ally pledges to be driving force to end discrimination against LGBT persons". SASOD. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  32. ^ "Guyana's national statement to the committee on the elimination of discrimination against women - Hon. Amna Ally, Minister of Social Protection". dpi.gov.gy. 13 July 2019.
  33. ^ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reviews the report of Guyana". OHCHR. 12 July 2019.
  34. ^ Activists take to streets for Guyana’s first LGBT Pride parade, PinkNews, 4 June 2018
  35. ^ Yes to Guyana’s First Gay Pride Parade – A Letter to my Daughter, and a response to Ms. Bernice Walcott, Stabroek News, 4 June 2018
  36. ^ a b Guyana's LGBT community hosts its first ever gay pride parade, Global Voices, 18 June 2018
  37. ^ "Pride parade promotes equal rights for LGBT persons". Newsroom.gy. 2 June 2019.
  38. ^ "Local LGBTQ community celebrates another year of Pride with city parade". Stabroek News. 2 June 2019.
  39. ^ "New organisation to use art to empower LGBTQ community". Stabroek News. 20 May 2019.
  40. ^ Rahim, Gibron (30 June 2019). "Introducing EQUAL Guyana". Guyana Chronicle.
  41. ^ a b c Members of the Human Rights Institute Fact-Finding Project (May 2018), Trapped: Cycles of Violence and Discrimination Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons in Guyana (PDF), Georgetown, Washington DC: Georgetown Law Human Rights Institute, archived from the original on 23 April 2023
  42. ^ "Christian Fellowship against LGBT 'pride' parade, calls for Govt intervention". iNews Guyana. 1 June 2018.
  43. ^ "Guyana Pride: Anglican bishop lends support; opponents lose", Erasing 76 Crimes. 4 April 2018.
  44. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2023). 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Guyana (Report). United States Department of State. Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses.
  45. ^ Bacchus, Sharda (20 June 2019). "SASOD's Joel Simpson calls for hate crimes legislation for victims, defenders". Stabroek News.
  46. ^ "Gay Rights Activist, Joel Simpson, beaten in an alleged homophobic attack". News Source Guyana. 16 June 2019.
  47. ^ "Social Protection Ministry condemns attack on Joel Simpson". Stabroek News. 30 June 2019.
  48. ^ "Suspect in attack on Joel Simpson turns himself in". iNews Guyana. 9 July 2019.
  49. ^ "Guyana: Gay panic defense successful". Erasing 76 Crimes. 26 July 2019.
  50. ^ "Court of Appeal reduces jail term for killer of GTM executive". Stabroek News. 25 July 2019.
  51. ^ a b c d CADRES (2013), Attitudes Toward Homosexuals in Guyana 2013 (PDF), Caribbean Development Research Services Inc., archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2023, retrieved 19 February 2021
  52. ^ a b Lodola, Germán; Corral, Margarita (2010), "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF), AmericasBarometer Insights, vol. 2010, no. 44, pp. 1–9, p. 2: At the other extreme, El Salvador, Guyana, and Jamaica (where sexual acts between men are punishable with jail) show the lowest levels of support: 10.3, 7.2, and 3.5 units, respectively. [Note: 95% Confidence Interval (design-effects based).] (Link for Spanish version.)

    Responses were given based on a 1‐10 scale, where '1' meant "strongly disapprove" and '10' meant "strongly approve." These responses were then recalibrated on a 0–100 basis to conform to the LAPOP standard [...] Around 1,500 respondents were interviewed face-to-face ...
  53. ^ Espinal, Rosario; Morgan, Jana; Boidi, María Fernanda; Zechmeister, Elizabeth J. (November 2017), Cultura Política en la Democracia en la República Dominicana y en las Américas, 2016/17: Un estudio comparado sobre democracia y gobernabilidad [Political Culture of the Democracy of the Dominican Republic and in the Americas, 2016/17: A comparative study on democracy and governance] (PDF) (in Spanish), Latin American Public Opinion Project, p. 132, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2022
  54. ^ Bhagirat, Lakhram (29 September 2022). "Majority of Guyanese accept or tolerate LGBTQ persons, study finds". Stabroek News. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  55. ^ "UF Digital Collections". ufdc.ufl.edu. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  56. ^ "LGBT acceptance increases in Guyana". Guyana Chronicle. 5 October 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  57. ^ "PERSONNEL POLICY OF THE GUYANA DEFENCE FORCE" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2024.
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