Acanthopteroctetidae is a small family of primitive moths with two described genera, Acanthopteroctetes and Catapterix, and a total of seven described species.[a] They are known as the archaic sun moths.
| Acanthopteroctetidae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Acanthopteroctetidae Davis, 1978 |
| Genera and species | |
|
Acanthopteroctetes Braun, 1921
Catapterix Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988
| |
| Diversity | |
| 7 described species in 2 genera + 2 undescribed species | |
As of 2002, the Acanthopteroctetidae were classified as sole family in superfamily Acanthopteroctetoidea and infraorder Acanthoctesia.[2] Based on more recent research, they may instead be included (alongside the Neopseustidae and the Aenigmatineidae) in superfamily Neopseustoidea.[1]: 675, 681
Morphology
editMoths in this superfamily are usually small (but one is 15 mm. in wingspan) and iridescent. Like other "homoneurous" Coelolepida and non-ditrysian Heteroneura, the ocelli are lost. There are a variety of unique structural characteristics,[3] and are evolutionary distinctive.[4] The female adults of both Catapterix crimaea[5] and C. tianshanica[6] are unknown.
Diversity and distribution
editFour of the species of type genus Acanthopteroctetes (A. aurulenta, A. bimaculata, A. tripunctata and A. unifascia) are very localised in Western North America,[7] while its fifth species (A. nepticuloides) was described from South Africa.[8] Genus Catapterix has two species, of which Catapterix crimaea has been observed in Crimea and southern France,[5] while Catapterix tianshanica is known from Kyrgyzstan.[6]
In addition, two taxa are known to exist but have so far not been formally described: one from the Andes in Peru,[3]: 54 [1]: 691 and one from China.[1]: 691
Taxonomy
editAround the start of the century, they were considered the fifth group up on the comb of branching events in the extant lepidopteran phylogeny,[9]: 10 and also deemed to represent the most basal lineage in the lepidopteran group Coelolepida[10] (along with Lophocoronoidea and the massive group "Myoglossata") characterised in part by its scale morphology.[3]: 53–54
Research on the molecular phylogeny of the Lepidoptera since then has indicated a close relation between the Acanthopteroctetidae, the Neopseustidae and the Aenigmatineidae,[1]: 672–681 and the three may be considered part of a single superfamily Neopseustoidea rather than three separate, monobasic superfamilies.[1]: 681 Molecular data from the same research showed weak support for the clade Coelolepida, and weakly contradicted the placement of Acanthopteroctetidae as most basal lineage of the Coelolepida.[1]: 676
Genus Catapterix was originally described within its own family, Catapterigidae,[11][12] which is considered a junior synonym of Acanthopteroctidae,[13] with which it shares specialised structural features including similar wing morphology (in A. unifascia).[4]: 1255
Biology
editData on the species in Acanthopteroctetidae are scarce. Of the seven described species, only Acanthopteroctetes unifascia has a full description of the larval stage available.[1]: 691 [6] Other than a single record of a specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata,[1]: 691 the larvae of the remaining species in both genera are unknown.
Acanthopteroctetes unifascia larvae are leaf-miners on the shrub genus Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae).[3] They form blotch-shaped mines and overwinter as larva, after which feeding continues in spring.[1] Pupation occurs in a cocoon on the ground.[3] The adult moths emerge during spring and are diurnal.
The specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata was recorded from a leaf mine on a Ribes sp. (Grossulariaceae).[1]: 691
Conservation
editAs of September 2022[update], none of the species in Acanthopteroctetidae have been evaluated by the IUCN.[14]
Footnotes and references
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Kristensen, Niels P.; Davis, Donald R.; Van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Rota, Jadranka; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Mitter, Kim T.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Yen, Shen-Horn; Cummings, Michael P.; Zwick, Andreas (October 2015). "A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant Lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life-history evolution: Molecular phylogeny for nonditrysian Lepidoptera". Systematic Entomology. 40 (4). doi:10.1111/syen.12129. S2CID 86213804.
- ^ Minet, Joël (2002). "Un nom d'infra-ordre pour les Acanthopteroctetidae (Lep.)". Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (in French). 107 (3): 222. Bibcode:2002AnSEF.107..222M. doi:10.3406/bsef.2002.16845. ISSN 0037-928X. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ a b c d e Kristensen, Niels P. (1998-12-31). "5. The Homoneurous Glossata". In Kükenthal, Willy (ed.). Band 4: Arthropoda, 2 Hälfte: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Teilband/Part 35, Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. De Gruyter. pp. 51–64. doi:10.1515/9783110804744.51. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8. Archived from the original on 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ a b Nielsen, Es; Kristensen, Np (1996). "The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera – Glossata". Invertebrate Systematics. 10 (6): 1199. doi:10.1071/IT9961199. ISSN 1445-5226. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ a b Nel, J.; Varenne, T.; van Nieukerken, Erik (1 January 2016). "Découverte en France d'un lépidoptère "primitif", Catapterix crimaea Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988 (Lepidoptera, Neopseustoidea, Acanthopteroctetidae)". Revue de l'Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie. XXV (3): 153–156. ISSN 1288-5509. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Mey, Wolfram; Rutjan, Evgeniy (28 September 2016). "Catapterix tianshanica sp. n. – the second species of the genus from the Palaearctic Region (Lepidoptera, Acanthopteroctetidae)". Nota Lepidopterologica. 39 (2): 145–150. doi:10.3897/nl.39.9882. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- ^ Davis, Donald R. (1978). "A Revision of the North American Moths of the Superfamily Eriocranioidea with the proposal of a New Family, Acanthopteroctetidae (Lepidoptera)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (251): 1–131. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.251. hdl:10088/5499. Archived from the original on 2024-03-09. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ Mey, Wolfram (2011). "Basic pattern of Lepidoptera diversity in southwestern Africa". Esperiana Memoir. 6: 151–152. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2022. [linked PDF is incomplete, but gives part of the relevant text]
- ^ Kristensen, Niels P.; Skalski, Andrzej W. (1998-12-31). Kükenthal, Willy (ed.). 2. Phylogeny and Palaeontology. De Gruyter. pp. 7–26. doi:10.1515/9783110804744.7. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8. Archived from the original on 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ Wiegmann, Brian M.; Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles (February 2002). "Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 67–81. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x. ISSN 0300-3256. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ Sinev, S.Y. (1988). Systematic position of the Catapterigidae (Lepidoptera) and the problem of the naturalness of the group Heteroneura. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 67: 602-614. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1990) 69: 1-14 for a translation].
- ^ Zagulajev, A.K.; Sinev S.Y. (1988). Catapterigidae fam. n. - a new family of lower Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera, Dacnonypha). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 68: 35-43. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1989) 68: 35-43 for a translation].
- ^ De Prins, J.; De Prins, W. (2011–2021). "Catapterigidae". Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera). Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- ^ "IUCN Red List". Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
Further reading
edit- Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002
External links
edit