Acacia saligna, commonly known by various names including coojong, golden wreath wattle, orange wattle, blue-leafed wattle, Western Australian golden wattle, and, in Africa, Port Jackson willow, is a small tree in the family Fabaceae. Native to Australia, it is widely distributed throughout the south west corner of Western Australia, extending north as far as the Murchison River, and east to Israelite Bay. The Noongar peoples know the tree as Cujong.[3]
| Coojong | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | Acacia |
| Species: | A. saligna
|
| Binomial name | |
| Acacia saligna | |
| |
| Australian occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Acacia cyanophylla Lindley | |
Description
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Acacia saligna grows as a small, dense, spreading tree with a short trunk and a weeping habit. It grows up to eight metres tall. Like many Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves; these can be up to 25 centimetres long. At the base of each phyllode is a nectary gland, which secretes a sugary fluid. This attracts ants, which are believed to reduce the numbers of leaf-eating insects. The yellow flowers appear in late winter and early spring, in groups of up to ten bright yellow spherical flower heads. The fruit is a legume, while the seed is oblong and dark to black in colour.[4]
A natural colonizer, Coojong tends to grow wherever soil has been disturbed, such as alongside new roads. Its seeds are distributed by ants, which store them in their nests to eat the seed-stalks. Disturbance of the soil brings them to the surface and allows them to germinate. Seeds germinate readily, and hundreds of seedlings can sometimes be found beneath a single parent tree. It is also extremely vigorous when young, often growing over a metre per year.
Uses
editAcacia saligna can be used for multiple purposes, as it grows under a wide range of soil conditions into a woody shrub or tree. It has been used for tanning, revegetation, animal fodder, mine site rehabilitation, firewood, mulch, agroforestry and as a decorative plant.[5]
Acacia saligna has been planted extensively in semi-arid areas of Africa, South America and the Middle East as windbreaks and for stabilisation of sand dunes or erosion.
Invasive potential
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Acacia saligna has become an invasive species outside its natural range due to the following contributing factors:[4]
- Widespread planting outside its native area
- Rapid growth in soil with low levels of nutrients
- Early reproductive maturity
- Large quantity of seeds produced
- Ability of seeds to survive fire
- Ability to germinate after cutting or burning
- Tolerance to many different substrates
- Nitrogen fixation
- Extensive root system
- Taller growth (by more than 3 m in some places) than indigenous plants
It was planted in the northern suburbs of Sydney in the 1950s, and has subsequently become a major weed in eastern New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.[7]
Since 2019, the species is included on the list of invasive alien species of Union Concern.[8] This means that the species can no longer be imported in the European Union. Additionally, it has become illegal to plant it, breed it, transport it, or bring it into the wild.[9]
Environmental impact in South Africa
editIn South Africa, it proliferated at an uncontrollable rate, having been introduced in the nineteenth century to produce tan bark and to stabilise the sands of the Cape Flats outside Cape Town after the indigenous bush had largely been cut down for firewood. In addition to replacing indigenous fynbos vegetation, it also hampers agriculture.[10] It is listed as an invasive alien plant in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, where it has displaced native species through changing fire regimes.[11] The introduction of the acacia gall rust fungus, (Uromycladium tepperianum), has proven to be highly effective at reining it in, reducing density by 80%.[10] The acacia seed weevil (Melanterius species) was introduced in 2001 and has now (in 2007) reached the stage where there are sufficient numbers available to begin its distribution.
See also
edit- Acacia pycnantha (also known as "golden wattle")
- List of Acacia species
References
edit- ^ "Acacia saligna". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ Wendland, H.L. (1820) Commentatio de Acaciis aphyllis: 4, 26.
- ^ "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ a b Quentin C. B. Cronk; Janice L. Fuller (1995). Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-48380-6.
- ^ "FloraBase: Acacia saligna". Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
- ^ Acacia saligna GBIF.org (1 March 2019) GBIF Occurrence Download doi:10.15468/dl.vqssco
- ^ "Jumping the Garden Fence: Invasive Garden Plants in Australia". WWF. 7 March 2005. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
- ^ "Union List of invasive alien species". June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017.
- ^ "EU Regulation on IAS". June 2021. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
- ^ a b Judith H. Myers; Dawn Bazely (2003). Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35778-4. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
- ^ "Acacia saligna (Port Jackson willow) – Management and Control" (PDF). Invasive Species Specialist Group. September 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
10 Kheloufi A., Mansouri L.M., Boukhatem Z.F. (2017). Application and use of sulfuric acid to improve seed germination of three acacia species, Reforesta, 3:1-10.
External links
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- "Acacia saligna". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
- "Acacia saligna". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- Acacia saligna (GBIF) Map of herbaria records showing something of its invasiveness
- Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plants Products s.v. Acacia saligna.
- Powell, Robert (1990). Leaf and Branch: Trees and Tall Shrubs of Perth. Perth, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management. ISBN 978-0-7309-3916-0.
- 'Beating the Australian: The Acacia Gall Rust Fungus is Winning the Battle against Port Jackson' Veld & Flora Vol 93(2) June 2007 p104 et seq
- 'Invasive Plants are Harming our Biodiversity' Veld & Flora Vol 93(2) June 2007 p108 et seq
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA (2007). "Uromycladium tepperianum on Acacia spp". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- Acacia cyanophylla & Rhizobium (in French)
