Aattakatha is a literary genre in Malayalam language consisting of the libretto used for the Indian classical dance drama kathakali.[1] The word aatta-katha literally means "story for dancing and acting"[2] (atu "to sway" + kathā "story").[3] The narrative framework of aattakatha consists quatrains in Sanskrit metres where the diction also is heavily Sanskritised; the dialogue part, however, is made up of padas, which can be set to raga (tune) and tala (rhythm) and have to be rendered by means of gestures and body movements by the actors while being sung by musicians from behind.[1]
The origins of aattakatha literature dates back to the 12th century and it emerged as a literary genre in the 17th century.[1] The earliest of the aattakathas is believed to be a cycle of eight Ramayana stories (collectively known as Ramanattam), composed by Kottarakkara Tampuran and about whose date there is an ongoing controversy.[2] Next in importance are the works of Kottayathu Tampuran whose period is about the middle of the seventeenth century.[2] Since the four aattakathas he wrote Bakavadham, Kalyanasaugandhikam, Kirmeeravadham and Kalakeyavadham punctiliously conform to the strict rules of kathakali, they are particularly favoured by orthodox artistes and their patrons.[2] Another poet of this category is Irayimman Thampi (1783-1863).[2] Unnayi Variyar’s Nalacharitham Aattakatha is one of the most famous works in this genre.
While Kathakali plays in their original form were designed to be performed over an entire night, over the years, they are performed in highly edited forms; often, only sections of the Aattakatha are performed, with non textual improvisations added.[4]
List of Attakathas
editOver the years, a large number of Attakathas have been penned. A list[5] of some popular attakathas is given below:
- Seethaswayamvaram
- Balivadham
- Thoranayudham
- Kirmeeravadham
- Bakavadham
- Kalyanasaugandhikam
- Kalakeyavadham
- Keechakavadham
- Uttaraswayamvaram
- Dakshayagam
- Narakasuravadham
- Poothanamoksham
- Banayudham
- Kamsavadham
- Balivijayam
- Ravanavijayam
- Ravanolbhavam
- Nalacharitham
- Rugmangadacharitham
- Santhanagopalam
- Subhadraharanam
- Ambareeshacharitham
- Karthyaveerarjunavijayam
- Kiratham
- Duryodhanavadham
- Rajasooyam
- Rugmineeswayamvaram
- Lavanasuravadham
- Karnasapatham
- Kuchelavrittam
References
edit- ^ a b c "Attakkatha". Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 24 May 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e V.Aravindakshan. "The Literary Tradition of Kerala". In P.J.Cherian (ed.). Essays on the Cultural Formation of Kerala literature, Art, Architecture, Music, Theatre, Cinema: The Literary Tradition of Kerala. KCHR Publications. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. Vol. 3. Concept Publishing Company. p. 796. ISBN 978-81-7022-376-4.
- ^ Zarrilli, Phillip B. (2000). Kathakali dance-drama where gods and demons come to play. London: Routledge. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-203-19766-0.
- ^ Zarrilli, Phillip B. (2000). Kathakali dance-drama where gods and demons come to play. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-19766-0.
- Vellinezhi Achuthankutty (2013)|Kathakalppadangal, Thiranottam
Further reading
edit- Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 267. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
- Aimanam Krishna Kaimal. Attakkatha Sahithyam (study). Chapter 4 - Nalacharitham. State Institute of Languages, Kerala, 1998.