The 549th Combat Training Squadron is a non-flying United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 57th Operations Group, and is stationed at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. It conducts air support and air interdiction sorties in "Green Flag (West)" exercises to train USAF fighter pilots and the aerospace power component to the US Army's brigade combat training.
| 549th Combat Training Squadron | |
|---|---|
 A close air support instructor, 549th Combat Training Squadron observes aircraft movement and communications between joint terminal attack controllers and pilots during Green Flag West 10-9 exercises | |
| Active | 1944–1947; 1969-1988; 1991 – present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Type | Squadron |
| Role | Combat Training |
| Part of | 57th Operations Group |
| Garrison/HQ | Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada |
| Engagements |
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| Decorations |
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| Insignia | |
| Emblem of the 549th Combat Training Squadron (approved 17 July 1944)[1] |  |
The unit was originally formed as the 549th Night Fighter Squadron in 1944. After training, it was deployed to Seventh Air Force and ordered to the Mariana Islands in the Central Pacific. Its mission was the air defense of Twentieth Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortress airfields on Iwo Jima. It also provided night escort for the B-29s in case of Japanese interceptor attacks. It later served on Okinawa where it was inactivated in December 1945.
The squadron was reactivated during the Vietnam War as a training unit of the 1st Special Operations Wing, training USAF and South Vietnamese forward air controllers to direct tactical fighter bombers in attacks on communist forces. After the end of American involvement in Southeast Asia, it continued the training mission until 1988.
Mission
editThe 549th Combat Training Squadron hosts Green Flag-West exercises, a realistic air-surface integration combat training exercise involving the air forces of the United States and its allies, is primarily conducted in conjunction with US Army Combat Training Center exercises at Fort Irwin, California. It is a close air support and joint exercise administered by the United States Air Force Air Warfare Center and Nellis Air Force Base through the 549th Combat Training Squadron.[2]
History
editWorld War II
editThe squadron was established on 1 April 1944 as the 549th Night Fighter Squadron at Hammer Field, California. It was part of the final group of dedicated night fighter interceptor squadrons formed by the Army Air Forces, being programmed to deploy to the Central Pacific. The squadron trained at various airfields in the San Joaquin Valley with the Douglas P-70 Havoc and YP-61 Black Widow night fighter and was ready to deploy into combat by late October.[3]
The squadron moved by train to Seattle, Washington where it boarded a troop ship bound for Honolulu in the Hawaiian Islands. Arriving after a two-week crossing, it remained at Hickam Field, until its aircraft and equipment arrived in Hawaii. At Hickam, it was assigned to Seventh Air Force, and its Northrop P-61 Black Widows were sent through the Hawaiian Air Depot to modify the aircraft for operations in the Pacific Theater. After being part of the defense forces of Hawaii for several weeks, it was deployed to East Field, Saipan in late February 1945 to provide night interceptor coverage of the new bases on Saipan and Guam for the Twentieth Air Force, which was going to use the airfields to carry out very long range strategic bombing of the Japanese Home Islands with the new B-29 Superfortress.[3]
After a month on Saipan, the squadron moved to the newly captured Central Field, on Iwo Jima in March 1945. Even after its capture, Iwo Jima remained vulnerable to long range Japanese attacks, and its mission was to defend the new American airfields being built there. A large percentage of the squadron's missions consisted of long-distance patrols over water, many of which involved interceptions of Japanese Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers. Its presence, although rarely shooting down any enemy aircraft, did cause the bombers to jettison their loads and beat a hasty retreat from the area. The squadron remained assigned to Iwo Jima for the balance of the Pacific War, flying long range missions over eastern China and night interdiction missions to chi Chi Jima. It was demobilized there in early 1946, and inactivated on 5 February as an administrative unit[3]
The squadron was reactivated briefly on 26 June 1946 as part of the 21st Fighter Group at Northwest Field on Guam. It was not manned or equipped due to personnel shortages and was inactivated again in February 1947.[1][4]
Cold War
edit
The squadron was reactivated in 1969 as the 549th Tactical Air Support Training Squadron, training USAF and South Vietnamese forward air controllers (FAC)to direct tactical fighter bombers in attacks on communist forces in addition to the psychological warfare mission. It employed the Cessna O-2 Skymaster. Visual reconnaissance formed the core FAC mission during the Vietnam War, as the FAC flew light aircraft slowly over the rough terrain at low altitude to maintain constant aerial surveillance. The rugged jungle terrain of South Vietnam readily hid enemy troop movements, and the jet fighter-bombers flew so fast that pilots had great difficulty in distinguishing between enemy troops, friendly troops, and civilians. Forward air controllers directed the air strikes thus became essential in usage of air power. By patrolling the same area constantly, the FACs grew very familiar with the terrain, and they learned to detect any changes that could indicate enemy forces hiding below, and frequently drew ground fire from the communist forces.[5]
It continued the FAC training mission after the United States withdrawal from the Vietnam War, providing Direct Air Support Center and Tactical Air Control Party personnel and equipment to support US Army units. It was inactivated on 1 July 1988.[1]
Lineage
edit- Constituted as the 549th Night Fighter Squadron in April 1944
- Activated on 1 May 1944
- Inactivated on 5 February 1946
- Activated on 25 June 1946
- Inactivated on 19 February 1947
- Redesignated 549th Tactical Air Support Training Squadron on 18 Aug 1969
- Activated on 15 Oct 1969
- Inactivated on 1 Jul 1988
- Redesignated 549th Joint Training Squadron, and activated, on 1 Nov 1991
- Redesignated 549th Combat Training Squadron on 1 Jul 1994[1]
Assignments
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Stations
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Aircraft
edit- Douglas P-70 Havoc, 1944
- Northrop P-61 Black Widow, 1944–1946
- North American OV-10 Bronco, 1969–1988
- Cessna O-2 Skymaster, 1975–1986[1]
- Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, 1991 – present
- General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, 1991 – present
See also
edit
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Robertson, Patsy (31 July 2009). "Factsheet 549 Combat Training Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ "Fact Sheets: Green Flag". 99th Air Base Wing Public Affairs. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Pape, Campbell & Campbell[page needed]
- ^ "Abstract, History 549 Night Fighter Squadron Jun 1946-Feb 1947". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ Haas & Robinson[page needed]
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Haas, Michael E.; Robinson, TSG Dale K. (1994). Air Commando! 1950-1975: Twenty-Five years at the Tip of the Spear (PDF). Hurlburt Field, FL: Air Force Special Operations Command Office of History. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Pape, Garry R.; Campbell, John M.; Campbell, Donna (1991). Northrop P-61 Black Widow: The Complete History and Combat Record. Minneapolis, MN: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-879385-09-5.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.