The 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States is an ongoing political backlash from social conservatives against LGBTQ movements. It has included legislative proposals of bathroom use restrictions, bans on gender-affirming care, anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws, laws against drag performances, book bans, boycotts, and conspiracy theories around grooming.[1] Between 2018 and 2023, hundreds of anti-LGBTQ laws were considered, with more than one hundred passed into law.[2][3]
| 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States | |
|---|---|
| Part of homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and LGBTQ history in the United States | |
 U.S. representative Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia and Libs of TikTok creator Chaya Raichik holding a sign in March 2023 stating that there are only two genders | |
| Date | 2021[a] – ongoing |
| Location | United States |
| Caused by | Increasing transparency, relevance, and acceptance of LGBTQ identity in the United States |
| Goals | To reverse social gains made in relation to LGBTQ rights in the United States |
| Methods |
|
| Status | Ongoing |
The backlash has been described as a moral panic,[4][5][6] and part of a larger culture war in the United States.[7][8][9] Scholars have cited rising anti-LGBTQ attitudes and policies as an example of democratic backsliding.[10][11] The backlash has been connected to similar conservative developments in Europe,[12][13] as well as the Middle East.[14][11][15]
Grooming conspiracy theory
Members of the far-right and a number of mainstream conservatives, mostly in the United States, have used the term "groomer" to falsely accuse LGBTQ people, as well as their allies and progressives in general, of systematically using LGBTQ sex education and campaigns for LGBTQ rights as a method of child grooming and enabling pedophilia. Usage of this term increased in the 2020s.[16]
In the United States, the popularization of the term has been linked to Christopher Rufo, who tweeted about "winning the language war", and James A. Lindsay in August 2021.[17][18] Following the Wi Spa controversy in July 2021, Julia Serano noted a rise in false accusations of grooming directed towards transgender people, saying that it appeared as if there was a movement to "lay the foundation for just smearing all trans people as child sexual predators".[19] Libs of TikTok (LoTT) also slurs LGBTQ people, supporters of LGBTQ youth,[20][21] and those who teach about sexuality as "groomers."[22] In 2021, LoTT made false claims that the Trevor Project was a "grooming organization" and that Chasten Buttigieg was "grooming kids".[20] LoTT creator Chaya Raichik said on the Tucker Carlson Today show that LGBTQ people "Want to groom kids. They're recruiting."[23]
The conspiracy theory then moved into the American conservative mainstream, with a number of high-profile cases of its use in spring 2022, including its use by members of the Republican Party.[24] On February 24, the right-wing Heritage Foundation issued a tweet stating that the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act "protects young children from sexual grooming".[25] During the debate over the act, Christina Pushaw, press secretary to the state's governor Ron DeSantis, tweeted that anyone who opposes the act was "probably a groomer". In April 2022, Marjorie Taylor Greene referred to the Democratic Party as "the party of killing babies, grooming and transitioning children, and pro-pedophile politics". Also that month, a group of far-right extremists and conspiracy theorists held a demonstration at Disney World in which they accused Disney of grooming.[26] Disney has been the focus of several other uses of the conspiracy – Jim Banks and 19 other members of the Republican Study Committee published a letter to Disney accusing the corporation of "purposefully influencing small children with its political and sexual agenda".[27]
Since then, numerous right wing pundits have described the behavior of parents and teachers who support minors in their transgender identities as grooming, and the term "groomer" has widely been used by conservative media and politicians who want to denounce the LGBTQ community and its allies by implying that they are pedophiles or pedophile-enablers.[28][29] Slate Magazine later described the word "grooming" as "the buzzword of the season".[25] In March 2022, Fox News host Laura Ingraham claimed that schools were becoming "grooming centers for gender identity radicals", dedicating an entire segment of her show to the topic a couple of weeks later.[27] In April 2022, the left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters published a study stating that within a three-week period spanning from March 17 to April 6, Fox News ran 170 segments on trans people, throughout which the network "repeatedly invoked the long-debunked myth that trans people pose a threat to minors and seek to groom them".[30]
Education
Anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws
In July 2022, a wave of anti-LGBTQ curriculum resurgence saw ten such laws beginning to take effect in six different states. Some states enacting these new laws appear to have mirrored similar laws from other states.[31]
In Florida, the Parental Rights in Education law and Florida Board of Education policy bans education on "sexual orientation" or "gender identity" unless it is mandated under state academic standards or as part of an optional reproductive health course or lesson.[32][33][34] In August 2023, the state of Florida dropped AP Psychology as a course offering, due to a required section on sexual orientation and gender identity.[35] The same month, Tampa-area schools announced they would restrict teaching of the works of Shakespeare in order to comply with the Parental Rights in Education law.[36][37]
Alabama bans the topics for kindergarten to grade 5, except for instruction deemed "age or developmentally appropriate".[38][39] Five other states (Montana, Arizona, Arkansas, Tennessee and Florida) require parental notification of instruction on LGBTQ issues and allows parents to opt-out of such instruction.[40]
In California (where state law requires students to learn about the "role and contributions" of LGBTQ people in history), multiple protests against the inclusion of LGBTQ-friendly curriculum resulted in violence.[41][42] At a June 2023 protest in Glendale, individuals seen protesting LGBTQ curriculum were identified as members of hate groups, such as the Proud Boys.[43]
Policies regarding trans students
Local K-12 school boards across the country adopted a variety of policies regarding trans students, ranging from allowing fully equal rights and non-discrimination for trans students, to requiring trans students to submit to a criminal background check to be allowed to use the bathroom consistent with their gender identity, to implementing full bans on expressing one's self-declared gender at all, including bans on chosen pronouns and pride flags, to even bans on mentioning the very existence of trans people.[44][45][46][47] State and local officials in the South used indecency and obscenity laws to ban books from school libraries.[48]
Rollback of discrimination protections
In June 2021, the Biden administration reinforced that Title IX protected LGBTQ students from discrimination by including sexual orientation and gender identity in its list of protections.[49]
In August 2021, Tennessee and nineteen other states sued the Department of Education in Tennessee v. Department of Education, alleging that the new Title IX governance constitutes government overreach.[50] A preliminary injunction was granted by a Tennessee judge in July 2022, blocking enforcement of the new guidance.[51][52] In December 2022, the Department of Education appealed the decision, which is still pending.[53]
The new guidance was rejected by the Florida Department of Education, calling the guidance a "sexual ideology" that risks the "health, safety, and welfare of Florida students".[54][55]
Anti-trans laws
Gender transition
.jpg){kind=spacer}
As many as 13 U.S. states banned gender affirming health care for transgender youth in the early-2020s.[56]
Treatment for adults
Many Republican legislators across the country are increasingly proposing legislation that would restrict gender-affirming care for adults or make such treatments harder to access. However, no states have succeeded at outright banning gender-affirming care for adults in a way similar to what is being done with minors. Efforts to restrict adults' access to healthcare relies heavily on claims from self-described "gender-critical" organizations such as Genspect that young people should not be recognized as adults until they turn 25.[57][58][59]
As of January 2024, seven states limit access to gender-affirming care for adults in some way without banning it, such as allowing private health plans, Medicaid, and correctional facilities to exclude all coverage for gender-affirming care, prohibiting the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care or requiring informed consent practices beyond those typically required in medical practice.[60]
In January 2024, several Republican legislators expressed their desire to ban gender-affirming healthcare altogether saying their 'endgame' was to ban it completely for people of all ages.[61][62]
As part of his 2024 presidential campaign, Donald Trump has stated that if elected, he will sign an executive order instructing every federal agency to cease the promotion of sex or gender transition at any age as well as ask Congress to pass a bill stating that the United States will only recognize two genders as determined at birth, and has promised to crackdown on gender-affirming care for all ages. Additionally, Trump stated that he would make hospitals and health care providers that provide transitional hormones or surgery no longer qualify for federal funding, including Medicare and Medicaid funding. Trump has also stated he will push to prohibit hormonal and surgical intervention for minors in all 50 states.[63][64][65][66]
These states have policies making it easier for trans adults to sue their doctors:
- Utah: In January 2023, Utah stripped liability protections from any doctor who treats a trans person under the age of 25, and allowing any trans person under 25 to retroactively "disaffirm" consent and sue the doctor for providing care they had at the time consented to.[67][68][69][70]
- South Dakota: In February 2023, South Dakota passed a similar law as Utah's, but without any age limit.[71]
- Arkansas: On March 13, 2023, Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders signed a bill giving adults 15 years to file malpractice lawsuits for gender-affirming care they received as minors, whereas for other types of care (under preexisting law) a malpractice lawsuit must generally be filed within two years.[72]
These states have policies that restrict treatment for trans adults, as well as younger people:
- Florida: In August 2022, the state of Florida voted to require any trans adult seeking gender affirming healthcare to receive approval from the Florida Board of Medicine at least 24 hours in advance.[73] On May 17, 2023, DeSantis signed a law[74] banning insurance providers from covering gender-affirming care for adults, as well as banning nurse practitioners and physicians' assistants (estimated to make up 80% of gender affirming care providers) from administering it, and banning it from being offered via telehealth. The Florida state legislature had passed the bill the previous month.[75][76] In June 2024, a judge permanently blocked the law from taking effect.[77] In August 2024, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the permanent injunction while the matter is appealed.[78]
- Missouri: In April 2023, the state attorney general issued an emergency order instituting a three-year waiting period of continuous documented dysphoria before qualifying for gender-affirming care, disqualifying people if they have untreated depression or anxiety, mandates a screening for autism, and mandating regular screenings for "social contagion".[79][80][81] This has been characterized by many as a de facto ban on trans healthcare for adults, since depression and anxiety are common symptoms of gender dysphoria.[82][83][84] A judge temporarily blocked enforcement of the order and scheduled a hearing for May 11.[85] The attorney general withdrew this order on May 16 after the state legislature passed two bills restricting gender-affirming care for trans youth.[86][87] On June 7, 2023, Governor Mike Parson signed a bill that contained a provision banning gender-affirming care for prisoners, which took effect on August 28.
Treatment for minors
Gender-affirming care for minors has been available in the U.S. for more than a decade and is endorsed by major medical associations, but it has increasingly come under attack in many conservative legislatures.[88] According to the ACLU, in 2023 alone, over 500 anti-LGBTQ bills were submitted in the US, over 130 of which were about healthcare.[89] Efforts to prohibit gender-affirming care for minors had begun several years earlier, but did not receive much attention from state legislatures until more recently.[90] The conservative organization Do No Harm was influential in developing model legislation that appeared starting in 2022 in Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, and West Virginia legislatures.[91][92]
In February 2024, the American Psychological Association approved a policy statement supporting unobstructed access to health care and evidence-based clinical care for transgender, gender-diverse, and nonbinary children, adolescents, and adults, as well as opposing state bans and policies intended to limit access to such care.[93][94]
As of July 2024, 26 states had enacted some form of ban on gender-affirming care for minors, 19 of which were enacted in 2023.[95][96] However, 16 of these bans are being challenged in court as of January 2024.[60] Furthermore, only 18 of the 26 states have complete bans which are fully in effect. Six states have only partial bans and two are currently blocked from taking effect. While some states have banned all forms of medical transition, others such as Arizona, Nebraska, New Hampshire and Georgia have banned only specific types such as hormone therapy or surgery. Six states have exceptions which allow minors who were already receiving gender affirming care prior to the ban to continue their treatments.[60] Currently, all 26 states make exceptions for puberty blockers, hormones and surgery for cisgender and intersex children.[60] Only one state, West Virginia, makes exceptions in cases of "severe dysphoria". There is also currently only one state, Missouri, that has a ban which is set to expire after a certain period of time. Nearly all states with restrictions include specific provisions with penalties for providers and 4 states include provisions directed at parents or guardians.[60] An additional 4 states include laws/policies that impact school officials such as teachers and counselors, among others.[60]
At the same time, many Democrat-controlled states have gone in the opposite direction and enacted laws protecting access to gender affirming care for minors and adults. These laws, often called "shield" laws, often explicitly combine protections for gender-affirming care and abortion and cover a variety of protections including protecting both providers and patients from being punished, mandating insurance providers to cover the procedures and acting as "sanctuary states" that protect patients traveling to the state from other states that have banned such treatments among other things.[97] As of June 2024, 16 states and the District of Columbia have enacted "shield" laws.
Of the approximately 1.6 million Americans who are transgender, about 300,000 are under the age of 18.[98] As of October 2023, approximately 105,200 transgender youth aged 13 to 17 lived in states where gender affirming care is banned for minors. However, around 26,000 of those youth are currently still able to access care in their state due to court orders that prohibit enforcement of the laws. Conversely, around 146,700 transgender youth live in states that have passed gender-affirming care "shield" laws that support access to care by protecting doctors and parents who prescribe or seek access to medical care for youth.[95] An analysis from KFF in late January 2024 estimated that 38% of trans youth between the ages of 13–17 in the United States lived in states with laws limiting youth access to gender-affirming care.[60]
Bans on gender-affirming care have been criticized as governments interfering with the patient-doctor relationship and taking away healthcare decisions from parents and families for their children.[99][100] State level bans on gender-affirming care in the United States have led some families with transgender children to move out of their states.[101][102][103]
On October 17, 2024, Texas attorney general Ken Paxton filed suit against a doctor who allegedly provided gender-affirming care to 21 minors after the treatments had been banned for minors in Texas, the first time that such a suit has been brought in the U.S.[104]
Bans for minors
| State | Authority | Signed | Effective | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arkansas | State legislature | April 6, 2021 | Permanently blocked | On April 6, 2021, the legislature—overriding Governor Asa Hutchinson's veto on a bill that banned puberty blockers, hormones, and surgery for minors and from referring them to other providers.[90] However, courts temporarily[105] and then permanently blocked the law.[106] |
| Texas | Texas AG Ken Paxton
Governor Greg Abbott |
February 22, 2022
June 2, 2023 |
Blocked by injunction (order)
September 1, 2023 (legislation) |
In February 2022, the state Attorney General ordered a ban on gender-affirming care for trans youth, with criminal penalties for failing to report suspected violations.[107][108] However, the order is currently blocked by injunction.[109]
In June 2023, the governor signed a law to ban this care for minors.[110] On August 25, 2023, a district court judge blocked the law from taking effect. In response, the Attorney General's office filed an appeal with the Texas Supreme Court, a move that automatically pauses the judge's injunction and allowed the law to go into effect on September 1, 2023, as originally planned.[111] On June 28, 2024, the Texas Supreme Court upheld the law.[112] |
| Alabama | Governor Kay Ivey | April 8, 2022[113] | May 8, 2022[114] | It is a felony for a medical provider to give gender-affirming healthcare to transgender people under 19 (the age of majority in Alabama). In May 2022, a federal judge ruled that the ban on surgery was enforceable. However, the ban on puberty blockers and hormones was not enforceable while the law is challenged in court.[115] In August 2023, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision, allowing the ban on puberty blockers and hormones to take effect.[116] |
| Utah | Governor Spencer Cox | January 27, 2023 [67][68][69][70] | ||
| South Dakota | Governor Kristi Noem | February 13, 2023[117][118][119] | ||
| Mississippi | Governor Tate Reeves | February 28, 2023[120][121] | ||
| Tennessee | Governor Bill Lee | March 2, 2023[122][123] | ||
| Florida | Florida Board of Medicine
Governor Ron DeSantis |
August 26, 2024 (legislation)
Blocked (state board of medicine rule) |
The state board of medicine rule took effect on March 16, 2023.[124][125] Additionally, on May 17, 2023, Governor DeSantis signed a ban into law, and it took effect immediately. It applies only to new patients, not those who were already receiving gender-affirming care.[126] However, on June 6, 2023, a court temporarily blocked enforcement of both the board rule and the law.[127] In June 2024, a judge permanently blocked the law from taking effect.[77] In August 2024, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the permanent injunction while the matter is appealed.[78] | |
| Iowa | Governor Kim Reynolds | March 22, 2023[128] | ||
| Georgia | Governor Brian Kemp | March 23, 2023[129] | July 1, 2023 | Bans hormones and surgery while continuing to allow puberty blockers. Minors who began hormones prior to July 1, 2023, are allowed to continue treatment.[130][131] |
| West Virginia | Governor Jim Justice | March 29, 2023[132] | The bill makes exceptions for minors who have received parental consent and are diagnosed with "severe gender dysphoria" by two doctors. Due to this exception, experts do not expect the ban to have much of an impact.[133] | |
| Kentucky | State legislature | March 29, 2023 | July 14, 2023 | The legislature overrode Governor Andy Beshear's veto, banning gender-affirming healthcare for trans minors.[134] Federal appeals judges allowed the ban to remain in effect during legal challenges to overturn it.[135][136] |
| Arizona | Governor Doug Ducey | March 30, 2022 | March 31, 2023 | Bans gender-affirming surgery for minors, but not hormones and puberty blockers. The bill also makes some exceptions, including in the case of someone born intersex.[137][138] In mid 2023, a new Governor, Katie Hobbs reversed course by signing a series of executive orders which include shield-style protections for gender-affirming care, ensuring that it remains legal in Arizona. It also bans conversion therapy, requires insurance plans to cover gender-affirming care and bars state agencies from cooperating with civil and criminal cases in states where gender-affirming health care is illegal.[139] |
| Idaho | Governor Brad Little[140][141] | April 4, 2023 | April 15, 2024 | It would also make it a felony for any medical practitioner to help a minor seek gender-affirming treatment. On December 27, 2023, a federal judge blocked the law from taking effect.[142] On April 15, 2024, the US Supreme Court responded to an emergency request filed in February by temporarily allowing the ban to go into effect while further legal challenges to it play out in the lower courts. The ruling did not resolve the underlying legal challenges raised by the case nor did the justices rule on the larger issue of bans on gender-affirming treatment for minors. The ruling also does not apply to the two plaintiffs in the lawsuit.[143][144] |
| Indiana | Governor Eric Holcomb[145] | April 5, 2023 | February 27, 2024 | On June 16, 2023, a federal judge temporarily blocked the law from taking effect.[146] On February 27, 2024, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision allowing the ban to take effect.[147] |
| North Dakota | Governor Doug Burgum | April 20, 2023 | On April 20, 2023, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum signed a law criminalizing trans health care for minors. However, the law notably makes exceptions for medication treatment for "rare circumstances with parental consent". The law also allows medication treatment for early onset puberty and minors who were already receiving gender-affirming care will still be able to receive treatment.[148] | |
| Montana | Governor Greg Gianforte | April 28, 2023[149] | Blocked | Treatments such as puberty-blockers and breast-reduction surgery will still be legal for minors who are not suffering from gender dysphoria. On September 27, 2023, a Montana District Court judge prevented it from taking effect.[150] |
| North Carolina | State legislature | August 17, 2023 | Ban on gender-affirming care, such as hormones, puberty blockers, and surgery, for minors. The ban only applies to transgender children and still allows such treatments for intersex and cisgender children. The ban also only applies to new patients. Transgender children who started treatment prior to August 1, 2023, will be allowed to continue receiving treatment.[151] Governor Roy Cooper vetoed the bill on July 5, 2023,[152] but the state legislature overruled his veto on August 17, therefore making the bill law.[153] | |
| Missouri | Governor Mike Parson | June 7, 2023 | August 28, 2023 | People receiving puberty blockers or hormones before the ban went into effect may continue taking them. Otherwise, blockers and hormones are banned until 2027. Surgery is also banned. |
| Louisiana | State Legislature | January 1, 2024 | On June 29, 2023, John Bel Edwards vetoed a ban on blockers, hormones, and surgery for minors. On July 18, the Louisiana State Legislature overrode his veto. | |
| Oklahoma | Governor Kevin Stitt | May 1, 2023 | On May 1, 2023, Governor Kevin Stitt signed a bill that makes it a felony for doctors to provide gender-transition medical care for anyone under the age of 18.[154] In October 2023, a judge declined to stop the law from taking effect.[155] | |
| Nebraska | Governor Jim Pillen | October 2, 2023 | October 2, 2023 | On October 2, 2023, the state Department of Health and Human Services announced that Republican Governor Jim Pillen had approved emergency regulations banning gender affirming surgeries for minors. Puberty blockers and hormone treatments for minors still remain legal, however applicants must now wait seven days and undergo at least 40 hours of "clinically neutral" therapy before starting them. The new regulations went into effect immediately.[156] |
| Ohio | State legislature | August 6, 2024 | On January 5, 2024, Governor Mike DeWine signed an executive order banning gender-affirming surgeries for minors.[157] Previously, on December 29, 2023, he had vetoed the Saving Adolescents from Experimentation (SAFE) Act (HB68) passed (mostly along party lines) by the Ohio Legislature on December 13 which banned gender-affirming surgeries as well as hormones and puberty blockers for minors. The bill includes exceptions for this kind of care for non-transgender youth, and it allows children who were already receiving gender-affirming care in Ohio to continue their treatment.[158] On January 24, 2024, the legislature overrode DeWine's veto thereby making HB68 law.[159] On April 16, 2024, a judge temporarily blocked the ban from taking effect.[160] On August 6, 2024, a judge overturned the injunction and allowed the law to take effect immediately. The plaintiffs immediately announced an appeal.[161] | |
| Wyoming | Governor Mark Gordon | March 22, 2024 | July 1, 2024 | On March 22, 2024, Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon signed a law criminalizing trans health care for minors.[162] |
| South Carolina | Governor Henry McMaster | May 21, 2024 | May 21, 2024 | On May 21, 2024, South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster signed a law banning trans health care for minors. The law, which went into effect immediately, also requires principals, teachers and other school staff members to tell parents when their children want to use a name other than their legal one, or pronouns that do not match their sex assigned at birth. It also bars adults under 26 from using Medicaid to cover the costs for trans health care.[163] This part of the bill is in direct opposition to a 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruling from the month prior which ruled that state Medicaid bans on gender-affirming care in the 4th Circuit, which includes South Carolina, are unconstitutional.[164] |
| New Hampshire | Governor Chris Sununu | July 19, 2024 | January 1, 2025 | On July 19, 2024, New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu signed a law banning gender-affirming genital surgeries for minors. However, puberty blockers, hormones and non-genital surgeries such as mastectomies remain legal for trans youth.[165][166] |
Protections for minors
| State | Authority | Signed | Effective | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | Governor Ned Lamont | May 5, 2022 | May 5, 2022 | On May 5, 2022, Governor Ned Lamont signed House Bill 5414, a shield law that designates Connecticut as a "safe harbor" which protects people who provide abortions and gender affirming care in the state, as well as legal protections for people seeking abortions and gender-affirming health care from out-of-state.[167][168] |
| Massachusetts | Governor Charlie Baker | July 29, 2022 | July 29, 2022 | On July 29, 2022, Governor Charlie Baker signed a shield law which protects access to abortion and gender-affirming health care in the state.[169] |
| California | Governor Gavin Newsom | September 30, 2022 | January 1, 2023 | On September 30, 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed SB 107, a shield law which designates California as a "sanctuary state" for trans youth and their families who are fleeing from other states that have banned the practice.[170] |
| District of Columbia | Mayor Muriel Bowser | November 21, 2022 | November 21, 2022 | On November 21, 2022, Mayor Muriel Bowser signed into law D.C. ACT 24-646, the Human Rights Sanctuary Amendment Act of 2022, which protects the right to bodily autonomy and of those seeking care for abortion, contraception, sexual conduct, intimate relationships, and gender affirmation.[171] |
| Illinois | Governor JB Pritzker | January 13, 2023[172] | January 13, 2023 | On January 13, 2023, Governor JB Pritzker signed into law HB4664, a reproductive rights and gender affirming care omnibus bill that protects health care providers and their patients from legal attacks by neighboring states and expands reproductive and gender affirming health care access and options across the state. The bill takes historic action to protect Illinois providers and their patients, thousands of whom have traveled to Illinois to access essential care now banned in their home states. |
| New Mexico | Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham | March 16, 2023 | March 16, 2023 | On March 16, 2023, Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham signed into law House Bill 7, the Reproductive and Gender-Affirming Health Care Act, which prohibits public bodies, including local municipalities, from denying, restricting, or discriminating against an individual's right to use or refuse reproductive health care or health care related to gender.[173] |
| Vermont | Governor Phil Scott | March 29, 2023 | September 2023 | On March 29, 2023, Governor Phil Scott signed into law House Bill 89 and Senate Bill 37, which establish a slate of protections for both providers and seekers of gender affirming health care, as well as those seeking or administering abortions.[174] |
| New Jersey | Governor Phil Murphy | April 4, 2023 | April 4, 2023 | On April 4, 2023, Governor Phil Murphy signed Executive Order No. 326 establishing New Jersey as a safe haven for gender-affirming health care by directing all state departments and agencies to protect all persons, including health care professionals and patients, against potential repercussions resulting from providing, receiving, assisting in providing or receiving, seeking, or traveling to New Jersey to obtain gender-affirming health care services.[175] |
| Colorado | Governor Jared Polis | April 14, 2023 | April 14, 2023 | On April 14, 2023, Governor Jared Polis signed into law a trio of health care bills enshrining access to abortion and gender-affirming procedures and medications in Colorado. These bills ensure people in surrounding states and beyond can go to Colorado to have an abortion, begin puberty blockers or receive gender-affirming surgery without fear of prosecution.[176] |
| Minnesota | Governor Tim Walz | April 27, 2023 | April 27, 2023 | On April 27, 2023, Governor Tim Walz signed a shield law which protects minors fleeing from other states to receive gender-affirming care.[177] |
| Washington | Governor Jay Inslee | May 9, 2023 | May 9, 2023 | On May 9, 2023, Governor Jay Inslee signed a shield law designating Washington as a "sanctuary state" for trans youth.[178] |
| Maryland | Governor Wes Moore | June 6, 2023 | June 6, 2023 | On June 6, 2023, Governor Wes Moore signed an executive order to protect gender affirming health care in Maryland. The order will protect those seeking, receiving, or providing gender affirming care in Maryland from attempts at legal punishment by other states.[179] The executive order was codified into law by the Trans Shield Act, which Moore signed into law on May 16, 2024.[180] |
| New York | Governor Kathy Hochul | June 26, 2023 | June 26, 2023 | On June 26, 2023, Governor Kathy Hochul signed a shield law designating New York as a "sanctuary state" for trans youth. This law protects access to transition-related medical care for transgender minors and bars state courts from enforcing the laws of other states that might authorize a child to be taken away if the parents provide gender-affirming medical care, including puberty blockers and hormone therapy. It also prohibits New York courts from considering transition-related care for minors as child abuse and bars state and local authorities from cooperating with out-of-state agencies regarding the provision of lawful gender-affirming care in New York.[181] |
| Arizona | Governor Katie Hobbs | June 28, 2023 | June 28, 2023 | On March 30, 2022, Governor Doug Ducey signed a bill banning gender-affirming surgery for minors, but not hormones and puberty blockers. The bill also makes some exceptions, including in the case of someone born intersex.[137] On June 28, 2023, a new Governor, Katie Hobbs reversed course by signing a series of executive orders which include shield-style protections for gender-affirming care, ensuring that it remains legal in Arizona. It also bans conversion therapy, requires insurance plans to cover gender-affirming care and bars state agencies from cooperating with civil and criminal cases in states where gender-affirming health care is illegal.[139] |
| Oregon | Governor Tina Kotek | July 13, 2023 | July 13, 2023 | On May 9, 2023, Governor Tina Kotek signed a law protecting access to abortion and gender affirming care for trans youth. Minors between the ages of 15 and 17 can receive gender affirming care without parental permission, whereas youth ages 14 and under must have parental permission.[182] |
| Maine | Governor Janet Mills | April 23, 2024 | April 23, 2024 | On April 23, 2024, Governor Janet Mills signed a shield law designating Maine as a "sanctuary state" for gender-affirming care and abortion providers and makes access to such treatments "legal rights" in Maine. It states that criminal and civil actions against providers and patients are not enforceable if the access to that care occurred in Maine. Additionally, the bill prevents cooperation with out-of-state arrest warrants for gender-affirming care and abortion that happen within the state. It also protects doctors who provide gender-affirming care and abortion from actions by medical boards, malpractice insurance, and other regulating entities that seek to economically harm them or dissuade them from providing care. The bill also explicitly enshrines WPATH's Standards of Care into state law for the coverage of transgender healthcare.[183][184] |
| Rhode Island | Governor Daniel McKee | June 25, 2024 | June 25, 2024 | On June 25, 2024, Governor Daniel McKee signed a shield law designating Rhode Island as a "sanctuary state" for gender-affirming care and abortion providers and makes access to such treatments "legal rights" in Rhode Island. The bill also protects providers from being sued for providing care.[185] |
Legal documents
While all 50 states had previously allowed transgender people to change their legal names and documented genders to match their true selves, many states in the 2020s implemented newfound restrictions.[186] These restrictions ranged from requiring sterilization to obtain amended documents, to making it a criminal offense to carry a state ID not matching one’s assigned gender at birth.[187][188]
Sports bans
Some U.S. states passed legislation restricting the participation of transgender youth in high school sports or of trans women and girls in women's sports.[191]
Twenty-six U.S. States have banned transgender people from sports under their gender identity in various capacities. These states include Texas,[192] Arkansas,[193] Florida,[194] Alabama,[195] Oklahoma,[196] Kentucky,[197] Mississippi,[198] Tennessee,[199] West Virginia,[200] South Carolina,[201] Utah,[202] South Dakota,[203] Montana,[204] Iowa,[205] Arizona,[206] Idaho,[207] Wyoming,[208] Indiana,[209] Louisiana,[210] Kansas, Georgia,[211] North Dakota,[212] New Hampshire,[213] North Carolina, Alaska and Ohio. The passage of legislation against transgender youth has seen increases in calls to Trans Lifeline, a suicide crisis hotline run by and for transgender people.[214] Some of these bans only apply to school sports and some only apply to transgender women, but not transgender men. The US Department of Education has said transgender students are protected under Title IX.[215]
- In Indiana, schools rely on anatomical sex, requiring gender reassignment surgery for trans athletes to participate in the sport of their identified gender.[216]
- Nebraska has formed a Gender Identity Eligibility Committee that decides on a case-by-case basis of how each transgender athlete can participate as their self-identified gender.[216]
- Texas, Alabama, North Carolina, Kentucky,[217] Idaho, and Florida[218] require trans athletes to compete based on their assigned sex.[216]
- In Alaska, Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, each school district makes their own decision on how to include transgender athletes.[217]
- Maine gives approval for students to choose which team they wish to play on, approving based on safety and fairness.[217]
- New Jersey and New Mexico require that trans athletes provide evidence that they have transitioned or are transitioning.[217]
- Missouri and Ohio require athletes to undergo hormone treatment. Ohio requires that the athlete must have been on the hormones for at least a year prior to competing.[217]
- Oregon allows those who identify as male to participate on male teams, and they are then on excluded from girls' competitions. Those transitioning from male to female must be on hormone treatment for at least a year.[217]
- Iowa bans transgender girls and women from playing female sports. No such stipulation applies to transgender boys and men with regard to male sports.[219]
- Oklahoma requires that any student participating in sports must submit a notarized affidavit of gender assigned at birth, under penalty of perjury.[220]
Bathroom bills
In an early example of an anti-trans bathroom bill, the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act in North Carolina, was approved as a law in 2016. The bill, however, sparked widespread condemnation and threats of boycotts, and portions of the measure were repealed in 2017 as part of a compromise between the Democratic governor and Republican-controlled Legislature. Also in 2016, guidance was issued by the U.S. Departments of Justice and Education stating that schools which receive federal money must treat a student as their gender identity (for example, in regard to bathrooms).[221] This policy was revoked in 2017.[221]
In the 2020s, bathroom bills have been proposed and debated in a number of state legislatures. According to the American Civil Liberties Union there are currently 469 anti-LGBTQ bills in the US, most targeting transgender people. Current examples include Kansas SB 180.[89] Several state bills are based on and closely resemble model legislation provided by the conservative lobbying organization Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF), which has been classified by the Southern Poverty Law Center as an anti-LGBTQ hate group.[222][223][224] The ADF's model legislation proposes giving any public school or university student the right to sue for $2,500 for each time they encountered a transgender classmate in a locker room or bathroom.[222][225]
A number of the bills put forth and passed made it some form of criminal offense, often a sex offense, for a transgender person to use a bathroom, locker room, changing room, or other similar facility not corresponding with their assigned sex. The most severe of these was that of Arkansas, which made it an offense of "sexual indecency with a child" for a trans person to use any such facility if said facility contained anyone under 18 at the time of use.[226][227]
Since 2021, Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Idaho have enacted bathroom bills.[228][229] State legislatures in Arizona, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas have proposed bathroom bills. The National Center for Transgender Equality, an LGBTQ advocacy group, calls these bills discriminatory.[230]
In December 2022, sitting en banc, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ruled in Adams ex rel. Kasper v. School Board of St. Johns County, Florida that separating the use of male and female bathrooms in public schools based on a student's biological sex doesn't violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972.[231][232] Previously, in August 2020, a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed a 2018 lower court ruling in Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County that discrimination on the basis of gender identity is discrimination "on the basis of sex" and is prohibited under Title IX (federal civil rights law) and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.[233][234]
Prisons
In the 2020s, several states implemented laws which forced trans prisoners off of their hormone medication, and in at least one state (Florida), put them through psychiatric conversion therapy.[235][236]
Anti-drag behavior
Protests
Protests against drag performances, especially Drag Queen Story Hour, increased after the 2021 attack at the United States Capitol.[237] The most vocal opponents are mostly affiliated with alt-right groups.[237] Former Fox News host, Tucker Carlson, suggested that drag events could "indoctrinate or sexualize" children.[237] Protestors also have expressed homophobic conspiracy theories that performers are grooming children.[238][239] The Anti-Defamation League reported that child abuse conspiracy theory has been fueled by the Libs of TikTok, a far-right Twitter account.[240] The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation reported over 120 threats against drag shows in the US, throughout 2022.[241]
In mid-June 2022, the Twitter account, Libs of TikTok, condemned the upcoming Coeur d'Alene, Idaho's "Pride in the Park" festival due to a "family-friendly drag performance."[240] On June 11, 2022, during the pride event, law enforcement arrested 31 members of the white nationalist and hate group Patriot Front, later charging them with conspiracy to riot.[242] In May 2023, masked neo-Nazi groups in Ohio protested drag events in Wadsworth and Columbus, carrying anti-drag and anti-trans banners, such as one that read, "There Will Be Blood."[243] A report from GLAAD noted there were 138 documented incidents of anti-LGBTQ harassment, vandalism or assault at drag shows in the United States from June 2022 through April 2023.[244] An Institute for Strategic Dialogue report indicated that the Proud Boys were the leading group spreading anti-LGBTQ sentiment.[245][246]
Laws and restrictions
On March 2, 2023, Tennessee governor Bill Lee signed the Adult Entertainment Act, which prohibits drag performances for children.[247][248] This bill sparked outrage from the LGBTQ community.[249] On June 3, 2023, a federal judge ruled that the law is unconstitutional.[250] On July 18, 2024, a three judge panel on the Sixth Circuit reinstated the law by ruling that the plaintiffs had lacked the standing to sue. The ruling did not address whether the law was constitutional.[251]
The states of Florida, Montana, and Texas have also passed laws banning public drag performances.[252][253] However, all three of these drag bans were blocked by courts from taking effect.[254][255][256][257]
Marriage
In response to a concurring opinion by Justice Clarence Thomas in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization arguing the Court should reconsider Obergefell v. Hodges, Congress passed the Respect for Marriage Act in 2022.[258][259][260] RFMA officially repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and required the federal government to recognize same-sex and interracial marriages, thus codifying parts of Obergefell, the 2013 ruling in United States v. Windsor, and the 1967 ruling in Loving v. Virginia.[261] In addition, it compelled all U.S. states and territories to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages if performed in a jurisdiction where such marriages are legally performed; however, it does not legally compel states to perform same-sex marriages if Obergefell is overturned.
The following year, the Tennessee House of Representatives passed House Bill 878, which would grant an individual the right to refuse to solemnize a marriage if the individual has a religious or conscience-based objection to that partnership.[262] In Texas, McLennan County Justice of the Peace Dianne Hensley filed a lawsuit to allow her to refuse to marry gay couples, citing the 2023 U.S. Supreme Court case 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis.[263]
Book bans
Legislation was introduced or passed in at least 29 states taking aim at lessons that teach children about race and LGBTQ people, with most of the laws framed around putting a stop to critical race theory and “gender ideology”.[264][265] These laws, which use broad language prohibiting teaching about privilege related to race or sex, or systemic bias in the United States, have led to many book removals.[265][266] NBC News described the use of the term "critical race theory" in this context as "a catch-all term to refer to what schools often call equity programs, teaching about racism or LGBTQ-inclusive policies".[267] The Takeaway's Melissa Harris-Perry cited discomfort with issues like gender identity as one of the common reasons for challenges, but that "this discomfort is likely imposed by adults onto young learners" who are otherwise more accepting and more likely to think outside traditional gender roles.[268]
An example of such bans is that passed by Florida in March 2022, which created a list of sanctioned reading material for students in educational settings, and punished any teacher or school librarian whose classrooms or libraries contained unsanctioned books with felony charges. Sanctioned books must be reviewed by the state to be free of "prohibited material harmful to minors", which critics have said that under Florida state law includes content regarding the LGBTQ community and black history.[269]
Boycotts
Matt Walsh @MattWalshBlog
The goal is to make "pride" toxic for brands. If they decide to shove this garbage in our face, they should know that they'll pay a price. It won't be worth whatever they think they'll gain. First Bud Light and now Target. Our campaign is making progress. Let's keep it going.
May 24, 2023[270]
.jpg)
Conservative activists urged for boycotting any company which publicly supported, or collaborated with members of, the LGBTQ community.[271] Some of the most well-known examples included the 2023 Anheuser-Busch boycott against Bud Light for a sponsorship with actress and TikToker Dylan Mulvaney,[272] and the campaign against Disney by Florida governor Ron DeSantis for publicly opposing the state's anti-LGBTQ curriculum law.[273] Other targeted companies include Nike, Adidas and Ford.[271] In May 2023, Target removed several Pride Month items from stores in the Southern United States after anti-LGBTQ hate groups threatened violence against its employees.[274] Following the election of Donald Trump in 2024, Disney removed from several shows set to air, storylines, episodes, and lines of dialogue that involved transgender characters.[275]
Violence
According to a 2023 report by the Department of Homeland Security, threats of violence against the LGBT community rose in the early-2020s.[276] The FBI also noted a sharp uptick in the number of hate crimes committed against LGBT people, with the 54 percent increase representing the fastest rise in hate crimes of all groups in the country.[277] In New York City, hate crimes against LGBT people doubled from 2021 to 2022, and they grew by 29% in California during the same period.[278][279] In August 2023, Lauri Carleton, a business owner in Southern California, was shot and killed for keeping a pride flag outside her store.[280]
Public opinion
Polls and surveys
An April 2021 PBS NewsHour/NPR/Marist poll with the question "Do you support or oppose legislation that would prohibit gender transition-related medical care for minors" found 66% of Americans would oppose a ban, including 69% of Democrats, 70% of Republicans, and 64% of Independents.[281]
A February 2022 poll by LGBTQ support service The Trevor Project and Morning Consult found that 52 percent of American adults expressed some level of support for transgender minors having access to puberty blockers if it is recommended by their doctor and supported by their parents.[282][283]
A June 2022 Pew Research Poll found that most Americans were uncomfortable with the speed of change on issues related to transgender people, with young adults and Democrats being the most supportive of transgender issues and Republicans and people in the 55-64 years age group being the least supportive.[284]
According to the Public Religion Research Institute in February 2023, support for mandating that trans people use the bathroom corresponding to their gender assigned at birth rose among all religious groups, with white evangelical Protestants seeing the largest change, going from 41% in support to 72% in support between 2017 and 2021. 41% of total Americans held this stance, with 31% disagreeing, and 28% not taking either position.[285]
In a poll from Data for Progress in March 2023, when asked about the more than 400 pieces of anti-trans legislation working their way through statehouses, 64 percent of respondents, including 55 percent of Republicans, agreed with the statement "This is too much legislation. Politicians are playing political theater and using these bills as a wedge issue," while 25 percent agreed with the statement "This is the right amount of legislation. Politicians are dealing with a real danger that needs to be addressed." As a result, pollsters and strategists from both parties warned that Republican's intense focus on restricting the rights and health care of about 0.6 percent of the American population could risk putting off independents and swing voters in the next election.[286]
A Washington Post/KFF poll conducted in November 2022 found that 68 percent of adults oppose access to puberty-blocking medication for transgender children ages 10 to 14, and 58 percent oppose access to hormonal treatments for transgender children ages 15 to 17.[287]
In a January 2023 Deseret News/HarrisX poll, 55 percent of Americans supported banning gender hormone therapy for transgender minors with parental or guardian approval, while 45 percent opposed such a ban.[288]
A January 2023 Pew Research Poll found that black Democrats were less likely than other Democrats to believe that a person's gender can be different from their birth sex and more likely to say that their views on LGBT issues are determined by their religion.[289]
A May 2023 poll by The Washington Post/KFF found that a majority of Americans support some anti-trans policies despite also claiming to oppose discrimination for trans people.[290]
A June 2023 Gallup poll found that while 26% of Americans think trans athletes should be allowed to play on sports teams that match their gender identity, polls in five battleground states conducted by The New York Times/Siena College found a majority of Americans think society should accept transgender people's gender identities.[291][292]
A September 2023 poll by 19th News/SurveyMonkey found that 39 percent of American adults supported transgender minors having access to any kind of gender-affirming care, including puberty blockers, hormones, therapy, and surgery.[293] Another poll by The 19th/SurveyMonkey that same month found that in a survey of 20,000 American adults, 17 percent believed politicians should focus on restricting gender-affirming care, while 33 percent believed they should focus on protecting access to gender-affirming care. The rest believed politicians should not focus on trans issues at all.[294] A separate poll conducted by The 19th that month found that 7 in 10 Americans, including majorities in both major parties and independents, do not think politicians are informed enough about gender-affirming care to make fair policies on it.[295]
A September 2023 poll conducted by SurveyUSA and sponsored by the anti-trans group, Women's Declaration International, found that a majority of voters believe a person's sex is determined at birth and that sex and gender are the same thing.[296]
A February 2024 survey by YouGov found that a majority of Americans support laws and policies protecting transgender people from hate crimes and discrimination in employment, permitting transgender people to serve in the military, allowing government employees to use pronouns that match their gender identity and outlawing conversion therapy for transgender minors. However, it also found that a majority of Americans support laws and policies banning transgender women from women's sports and prisons, prohibiting minors from attending drag shows and creating a law that "defines gender as a person's sex assigned at birth". Additionally, the survey found that while 54% of Americans oppose allowing transgender minors to access gender-affirming care, only 45% support laws and policies banning the treatments for minors.[297]
A March 2024 poll by GLAAD found that more than half of both registered and likely voters surveyed said they would not support a candidate who "speaks frequently about restricting access to health care and participation in sports for transgender youth."[298]
A Gallup Poll released in June 2024 found that over 60% of U.S. adults oppose banning gender-affirming care for minors, but also found that just 44% of U.S. adults believe that change one's gender is morally acceptable, with 56% of 18-29 year olds saying it is morally acceptable compared to 38% of adults over age 65.[299]
A June 2024 poll by the University of Chicago found that 70% of Democrats and 29% of Republicans supported laws that protect access to gender-affirming care for minors.[300]
A poll by FOLX HEALTH in August 2024 found that 90% of transgender Americans feared that the election would have a impact on their access to gender-affirming care.[301]
A September 2024 poll by Fox News found that voters trusted Kamala Harris more than Donald Trump to handle transgender issues by a 16-point margin.[302]
An October 2024 poll by the HRC found that only 5% of voters say they are concerned about gender-affirming care and 61% said they will not support candidates who support banning gender-affirming care, including 41% of Republicans. The poll also found that 70% of voters think that anti-LGBTQ+ legislation has gone too far and that politicians have targeted trans people to divide Americans and "maintain their political power."[292]
An October 2024 poll by Baldwin Wallace University in Ohio found that 60% of registered voters in Ohio supported schools teaching 6th-12th grade students about sexual orientation but only 43% supported teaching students in those same grades about gender identity. Additionally, the poll found that 51% of voters in Ohio believe parents should not have direct control over what books are in the school library and 55% believe that parents should not be able to stop schools from teaching topics that they do not like. The poll also found that 72% of voters in Ohio would oppose policies or laws allowing medical professionals to provide someone younger than 18 with medical care for a gender transition and 73% would oppose policies or laws allowing transgender athletes to play on the team that matches their gender identity and 56% would support policies or laws requiring public schools to notify parents if it is discovered that a student identifies with a gender that does not align with their biological sex.[303][304]
Election campaigning and results
2024 presidential election
During the 2024 presidential election, anti-trans advertisements became commonplace, with the Republican party making trans issues a top issue in their campaign, spending over $215 million dollars on anti-trans ads and more than on ads regarding housing, immigration, and the economy combined.[305] On the contrary, Democrats largely avoided discussing transgender issues during the election campaign period.[306][307][308] The ads became especially common during the closing days of the race, often pushing disparaging claims about transgender healthcare, existence in society, and participation in sports.[309][310] Democrats did not formerly respond to the ads during the campaign period. Former President Bill Clinton privately expressed concern about the ads and encouraged the Harris campaign to respond to it. However, he was told by the campaign that the ads "were not necessarily having an impact" and never addressed his concerns publicly. The Harris campaign had originally planned to release an ad responding, but the ad ended up performing poorly in internal tests and was ultimately never run.[311]
According to an analysis by Future Forward, the political slogan "Kamala is for they/them, President Trump is for you" was ranked as one of the Trump's most effective 30-second attack ads, shifting the race 2.7 percentage points in favor of Trump after viewers watched it.[311] On the contrary, an analysis by Change Research studying the effects of the ads found that they did not sway swing voters.[312] A study by Ground Media also found that the ads did not sway voters into supporting Republicans, but they did succeed at slightly eroding public support for trans people in general.[313] David Rochkind, the CEO of Ground Media, gave a press release saying "What this demonstrates is that attacking the trans community isn't just a weak and feckless political strategy — it's a deeply cynical one. ... These ads weaponize trans-identity to sow fear and division, making our country less safe for everyone."[314] A poll by Blueprint surveyed the most important issues to voters and found that trans issues ranked second to last among young men.[315] An October 2024 poll by Data for Progress found that a majority of voters from both major parties believe the government should stop involving themselves in the lives of trans people and that politicians should focus less on transgender issues and more on other issues like the economy. It also found that a majority of voters from both major parties believe Republicans leaning so heavily on anti-trans ads is "sad and shameful".[316][317][318] An October 2024 Gallup Poll surveying the most important issues to registered voters ahead of the 2024 presidential election found that of the 22 issues voters were asked about, transgender issues ranked last with only 18 percent of voters describing it as "extremely important". Democrats were also more likely than Republicans to say transgender issues were extremely important to them, 25% to 12%.[319] Another poll by Data for Progress found that a majority of voters from all parties agree with the statement "the government should be less involved in regulating what transgender people are allowed to do, including the health care they can receive." Additionally, it found that 80% of voters agreed with the statement "both Democrats and Republicans should spend less time talking about transgender issues and more time talking about voters' priority issues like the economy and inflation." It also found that a majority of voters trust Democrats more than Republicans to handle transgender issues 52% to 29% and that a majority of voters, including a majority of Independent voters, believe Republicans have a more extreme stance of transgender issues than Democrats.[320]
A post-election poll by the Human Rights Campaign found that the anti-trans ads were largely ineffective as only 4% of voters said opposing transgender surgeries and transgender women's participation in sports motivated them the vote and the issues ranked last when voters were asked about the most important issues to them. Instead the poll showed that voter's discontent with the Biden Administration, the economy and immigration led to Trump's victory.[321][322]
Vox Media said that anti-trans ads have "no impact on whether people are likely to vote" and compared them to the "rising tide of fascism in the United States".[323] Kelley Robinson, the president of the Human Rights Campaign, called the ads "desperate" and accused Republicans of focusing on "sowing fear and chaos" instead of talking about other issues like the economy. Jay Brown, chief of staff at the Human Rights Campaign said that the ads have had a negative impact on the mental health of trans people due to it being "in their faces all the time." LGBTQ Nation called the ads "wildly unpopular" among voters and said "there is a solid chance that the fate of transgender rights could mirror that of gay rights, becoming a sport of "political albatross" that instantly kills support for candidates. As politicians become more anti-trans, some members of their base oppose them more — likely due to people perceiving this issue as irrelevant and mean-spirited."[316]
These ads led two Democrat politicians, Sherrod Brown and Colin Allred, to capitulate, ceding the issue at least partially to the Republican position.[324][325] After Donald Trump won the 2024 election, two Democrat politicians, Tom Suozzi and Seth Moulton, partially blamed their party's loss on their support for trans issues. Other Democrat politicians and human rights organizations disputed these claims, saying polls showed that trans issues were not important to most voters and that voters were instead mobilized to vote for Trump due to other issues like inflation and the economy.[326][327] Texas Democratic Party Chair, Gilberto Hinojosa also expressed anti-transgender sentiments following the 2024 election. Hinojosa subsequently apologized for his comments and resigned from his position after receiving backlash from other Democrats and LGBTQ advocacy groups. The Harris campaign's LGBTQ engagement director, Sam Alleman, urged voters not to blame trans people for Harris' loss in the election saying "Please do not blame trans issues or trans people for why we lost. ... No exit polling or data is showing this as a significant decision point for voters."[306]
An NBC News exit poll for the 2024 election found that Kamala Harris garnered more support from LGBTQ voters than any other presidential candidate in history, with 86% of LGBTQ voters backing Harris and 12% backing Donald Trump - a margin 15% larger than the edge Joe Biden had over Trump in 2020.[328]
Media involvement
Supporters of LGBT rights argue that major US media outlets have taken part in furthering the backlash by publishing and promoting stories criticized by many experts and advocates as misinformation, fringe theories, fearmongering, and pseudoscience about LGBT people, and in particular trans people.[329][330][331] Among these outlets were Reuters, Fox News, The Washington Post, The Atlantic, and most prolifically, The New York Times.[332][30][333] These pieces have often been cited in legislation and court cases to restrict LGBT rights.[334]
Responses
Domestic
Relocation
Some trans people and their families have fled[335][336][337] to other states or countries, including the families of those who actively advocated against anti-trans laws in their states.[338][339] Many families cite increasing social pressure and restrictions on gender-affirming care as reasons for moving.[340][341]
Several states passed legislation preventing trans people and their families, as well as their healthcare providers relocating from other states, from being extradited. In 2022, Connecticut became the first state to implement such a law, alongside similar protections for reproductive healthcare providers and recipients.[342] Massachusetts, California, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. have passed similar laws.[343]
Some trans Americans have considered claiming asylum in other countries, including European countries or Canada. However, some political analysts note that asylum applications will likely be denied, as no federal law exists restricting LGBT safety and because transgender individuals can likely move to a safer state in their own country.[344][345][346] Others worry that potential asylum applications could overwhelm immigration systems and prevent asylum access for those from more dangerous territory.[347]
Self-defense
The increased targeting of LGBT people by right-wing militia groups such as the Proud Boys and the Oath Keepers, has led some LGBT people, particularly in conservative states such as Texas, to stockpile and train to use weapons and gear, including AR-15 rifles and modern body armor.[348]
Travel warnings
In May 2023, the Human Rights Campaign issued a travel advisory for the state of Florida, citing new laws targeting the LGBT community.[349]
International
After a ten-day tour in which he met with State officials in Alabama, Florida, and California in August 2022, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, a United Nations Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination, warned about the erosion of LGBT rights in the United States.[350] Madrigal-Borloz stated, "I am deeply alarmed by a widespread, profoundly negative riptide created by deliberate actions to roll back the human rights of LGBT people at state level. The evidence shows that, without exception, these actions rely on prejudiced and stigmatising views of LGBT persons, in particular transgender children and youth, and seek to leverage their lives as props for political profit."[350]
In August 2023, the Government of Canada issued a travel warning for LGBT visitors to the United States, advising citizens to check their destination's local laws before traveling.[351][352]
See also
- 21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom
- Alt-right
- Anti-gender movement
- Democratic backsliding in the United States
- Homophobia
- LGBTQ history in the United States
- LGBTQ rights in the United States
- LGBTQ rights opposition in the United States
- Transphobia in the United States
- Transgender genocide
- Transgender rights in the United States
- United States anti-abortion movement
- Parental rights movement
References
Informational notes
- ^ While anti-LGBTQ sentiment existed before 2021, a notable uptick in anti-LGBTQ laws, legislation, and protests began in 2021. Notable events include the Wi Spa controversy and the passing of Arkansas' Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act, one of the first bills prohibiting child transgender healthcare.
Citations
- ^ "America's far right is increasingly protesting against LGBT people". The Economist. January 13, 2023. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Miller, Susan (March 31, 2023). "'War' on LGBTQ existence: 8 ways the record onslaught of 650 bills targets the community". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Rogers, Kaleigh; Radcliffe, Mary (May 25, 2023). "Over 100 Anti-LGBTQ+ Laws Passed In The Last Five Years — Half Of Them This Year". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Rozsa, Matthew (January 30, 2023). "Why the moral panic over "grooming" is so effective at manipulating the right-wing mind Experts explain the history of the right creating false narratives that connect LGBTQ issues to pedophilia". Salon. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
- ^ Morrish, Lydia (June 26, 2023). "The US Is Exporting Anti-LGBTQ Hate Online". Wired. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
- ^ Romana, Aja (April 21, 2022). "The right's moral panic over "grooming" invokes age-old homophobia "Groomer" accusations against liberals and the LGBTQ community are recycled Satanic Panic". Vox. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
- ^ Drenon, Brandon (July 5, 2023). "Celebrating Pride in the midst of a culture war". BBC News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
- ^ Leonhardt, David; Philbrick, Ian Prasad (April 8, 2022). "Culture War, Redux". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
- ^ Eugenios, Jillien (April 14, 2022). "How 1970s Christian crusader Anita Bryant helped spawn Florida's LGBTQ culture war". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
- ^ Shaw, Ari. "What Anti-LGBT Politics in the U.S. Means for Democracy at Home and Abroad". Williams Institute. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ a b Albarracín-Caballero, Mauricio (September 6, 2022). "How Targeting LGBTQ+ Rights Are Part of the Authoritarian Playbook". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "LGBTQ community: Is there a backlash in Europe?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ "Anti-LGBTQ+ violence in Europe hits decade-high, report finds". POLITICO. February 20, 2023. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- ^ Tharoor, Ishaan. "The Orbanization of America: Florida shadows Hungary's war on LGBTQ rights". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ El Chamaa, Mohamad. "Anti-LGBTQ backlash grows across Middle East, echoing U.S. culture wars". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ Romano, Aja (April 21, 2022). "The right's moral panic over "grooming" invokes age-old homophobia". Vox. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ Donald Moynihan (April 7, 2022) [April 5, 2022]. "The QAnon catchphrases that took over the Jackson hearings". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "How the Intellectual Dark Web Spawned 'Groomer' Panic". The Daily Beast. April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
- ^ Levin, Sam; Beckett, Lois (July 28, 2021). "'A nightmare scenario': How an anti-trans Instagram post led to violence in the streets". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Stahl, Jeremy (April 27, 2022). "The Hate-Fueled and Hugely Influential World of Libs of TikTok". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
- ^ Persaud, Chris (May 10, 2022). "Babylon Bee CEO of Juno Beach backs Twitter firebrand who calls LGBTQ people pedophiles". The Palm Beach Post. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
- ^ Kampeas, Ron (April 19, 2022). "The Twitter activist behind the far-right 'Libs of TikTok' is an Orthodox Jew. Does that matter?". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
- ^ Levesque, Brody (December 28, 2022). "Libs of TikTok tells Tucker Carlson: LGBTQ+ are a poisonous cult". Los Angeles Blade. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- ^ Romano, Aja (April 21, 2022). "The right's moral panic over "grooming" invokes age-old homophobia". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ a b Mathis-Lilley, Ben (April 21, 2022). "How One Florida Woman With Twitter Problems Plunged Us Into a Nightmarish National Conversation About 'Grooming'". Slate. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Alfonseca, Kiara (May 7, 2022). "Some Republicans use false 'pedophilia' claims to attack Democrats, LGBTQ people". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
- ^ a b Brooks, Emily (April 8, 2022). "'Groomer' debate inflames GOP fight over Florida law". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Romano, Aja (April 21, 2022). "The right's moral panic over 'grooming' invokes age-old homophobia". Vox. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Cameron, Joseph (April 5, 2022). "Conservatives Are Smearing 'Don't Say Gay' Opponents as Pedophile 'Groomers'". Vice. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Paterson, Alex (April 8, 2022). "'Doom & Groom': Fox News has aired 170 segments discussing trans people in the past three weeks". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "10 anti-LGBTQ laws just went into effect. They all target schools". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
- ^ Diaz, Jaclyn (March 28, 2022). "Florida's governor signs controversial law opponents dubbed 'Don't Say Gay'". NPR. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ^ Izaguirre, Anthony (April 19, 2023). "Florida board passes DeSantis' expansion of 'Don't Say Gay'". SFGATE. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
- ^ "So-called 'Don't Say Gay' rules expanded through 12th grade in Florida". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
- ^ Meckler, Laura. "Florida schools drop AP Psychology after state says it violates the law". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
- ^ "Shakespeare and penguin book get caught in Florida's 'Don't Say Gay' laws". NPR. Archived from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
- ^ Pengelly, Martha (August 8, 2023). "Florida schools plan to use only excerpts from Shakespeare to avoid 'raunchiness'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
- ^ "Alabama governor signs 'Don't Say Gay,' trans care and bathroom ban bills". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ Holmes, Jacob (September 9, 2022). "Alabama Board of Education codifies "Don't Say Gay" law". Alabama Political Reporter. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
- ^ "Movement Advancement Project |". lgbtmap.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ Blume, Howard (May 11, 2022). "What California law requires in teaching about LGBTQ people in public schools". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Lin, Summer (June 2, 2023). "Fight erupts at anti-Pride Day protest outside L.A. school where trans teacher's flag was burned". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Bella, Timothy. "Protesters brawl over LGBTQ curriculum outside Calif. school board meeting". Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Vander Hart, Shane (April 29, 2022). "Linn-Mar School Board approves controversial transgender policy". Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ Marshall, Maggi (August 10, 2022). "Parents, guardians had a lot to say about Hanover's proposed transgender bathroom policy". Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ Wiggins, Christopher (August 2022). "Wisconsin School District Bans Preferred Pronouns & Pride Symbols". The Advocate. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ Monacelli, Steven (August 23, 2022). "'Don't Say Trans' Policy Passes in North Texas School District". Archived from the original on May 9, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ Sasani, Ava (November 26, 2023). "'Archaic': the Tennessee town that made homosexuality illegal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
- ^ Duster, Chandelis; Cole, Devan (June 16, 2021). "Education Department says Title IX protections apply to LGBTQ students". CNN. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ "Attorney General Bonta Urges Appellate Court to Reject Attack on Federal LGBT Anti-Discrimination Protections". State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General. December 22, 2022. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ Quilantan, Bianca (July 16, 2022). "Federal judge blocks Education Department's Title IX guidance that protects transgender students". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ Brink, Meghan. "Federal Judge Blocks Title IX Guidance on Transgender Students". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ "TN Attorney General's Office Responds to Federal Government Appeal of Preliminary Injunction of Title IX Overreach". tn.gov. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ Atterbury, Andrew (July 28, 2022). "Florida warns schools against following Biden's LGBTQ student protections". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ Migdon, Brooke (July 28, 2022). "Florida DOE to schools: follow Biden transgender protections and risk breaking state law". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
- ^ Paris, Francesca (April 15, 2023). "Bans on Transition Care for Young People Spread Across U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Migdon, Brooke (January 13, 2023). "Transgender youth health care bans have a new target: adults". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
- ^ Goldman, Maya (January 10, 2024). "States are limiting gender-affirming care for adults, too". Axios. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Lang, Nico (February 16, 2024). "Trans Adults Are the Next Target in the GOP's War on Gender-Affirming Health Care". them.us. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Proliferation of State Actions Limiting Youth Access to Gender Affirming Care". KFF. January 31, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Reed, Erin (January 29, 2024). "Ohio, Michigan Republicans in released audio: 'Endgame' is to ban trans care 'for everyone'". The Advocate. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Heywood, Todd (January 30, 2024). "In-depth: Michigan lawmakers discuss gender-affirming care ban". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on January 31, 2024. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
- ^ Colvin, Jill (November 12, 2023). "Trump's plans if he returns to the White House include deportation raids, tariffs and mass firings". AP News. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Weigel, David (February 3, 2023). "'At any age': Donald Trump pushes the GOP towards targeting transgender adults". Semafor. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Weill, Kate; Briquelet, Kelly (June 30, 2023). "Trump Says He'll Ban Federal Government From Promoting Transgender Care at Any Age". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Roarty, Alex (July 14, 2023). "It's trans adults, too: GOP candidates now back trans medical restrictions for all ages". Miami Herald. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ a b Schott, Brian. "Blocking gender-affirming health care in Utah could be found unconstitutional, a legal review found". Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b McKellar, Katie (January 26, 2023). "Utah House votes to ban transgender surgeries and puberty blockers for kids". Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Transgender Medical Treatments and Procedures Amendments (Senate Bill 16). Utah State Legislature. January 11, 2023. "Utah SB0016 | 2023 | General Session". Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Schott, Bryan (January 27, 2023). "Ban on health care for transgender youth passed by Utah Legislature". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "House Bill 1080" (PDF). South Dakota Legislature. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
- ^ "Sarah Huckabee Sanders Signs Arkansas Trans Care Malpractice Bill Into Law". HuffPost. March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Woodward, Alex (August 5, 2022). "Florida begins rule-changing process to ban gender-affirming care for trans youth". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Yurcaba, Jo (May 17, 2023). "DeSantis signs 'Don't Say Gay' expansion, gender-affirming care ban". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
- ^ "In one day, three bills targeting transgender Floridians pass House". Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Trans patients being dropped as Florida law bans 'Up To 80%'". Los Angeles Blade. May 11, 2023. Archived from the original on May 20, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b "Judge Strikes Down Florida's Ban on Transgender Care for Minors". New York Times. June 11, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
- ^ a b "US appeals court clears way for Florida ban on transgender care for minors". ABC News. August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ "Missouri's attorney general opened a new front in the GOP's attacks on transgender people: Banning treatment for any adult with depression". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Missouri AG issues emergency order restricting gender-affirming health care". April 13, 2023. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Emergency Rule: 15 CSR 60-17.010 Experimental Interventions to Treat Gender Dysphoria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Gender-Affirming Care for Adults Is Now Basically Banned in Missouri". Vice. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Transgender adults brace for treatment cutoffs in Missouri". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Missouri AG Directly Cites the New York Times' Anti-Trans Coverage To Justify Horrific New Ban". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Ballentine, Summer (May 2, 2023). "Judge Blocks Missouri Rule That Would Limit Transgender Care". HuffPost. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
- ^ "Missouri attorney general drops controversial emergency rule that would have banned gender-affirming care for children and many adults". CNN.
- ^ "AG Bailey ends emergency rules restricting transgender healthcare". KMOV.
- ^ "North Dakota governor signs law criminalizing trans health care for minors". PBS. April 20, 2023. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Mapping Attacks on LGBTQ Rights in U.S. State Legislatures". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
The ACLU is tracking 501 anti-LGBTQ bills in the U.S.
- ^ a b "Arkansas Lawmakers Override Veto, Enact Transgender Youth Treatment Ban". Associated Press. April 6, 2021. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ McMillan, Jeff; Kruesi, Kimberlee (May 20, 2023). "Meet the influential new player on transgender health bills". AP News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ Balevic, Katie (May 20, 2023). "Do No Harm, a group of 'medical professionals' fighting 'woke healthcare,' is behind many anti-trans laws". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ "APA Policy Statement on Affirming Evidence-Based Inclusive Care for Transgender, Gender Diverse, and Nonbinary Individuals, Addressing Misinformation, and the Role of Psychological Practice and Science". American Psychological Association. February 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ Reed, Erin. "World's largest psych association supports trans youth care". The Advocate. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ a b "Nearly 100,000 transgender youth live in states that banned access to health care, sports, or school bathrooms in 2023". Williams Institute. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ "Efforts to restrict transgender health care endure in 2024, with more adults targeted". NBC News. January 11, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Panetta, Grace (June 9, 2023). "Lawmakers in blue states are linking protections for abortion and gender-affirming care". The 19th. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Hassan, Adeel (June 27, 2023). "States Passed a Record Number of Transgender Laws. Here's What They Say". The New York Times. New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Block M. "Parents raise concerns as Florida bans gender-affirming care for trans kids". NPR. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
- ^ Schott B. "Why GOP lawmakers want to stop doctors from prescribing gender-affirming care for Utah's youth". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
- ^ Connell-Bryan A, Kenen J, Holzman J (November 27, 2022). "Conservative states are blocking trans medical care. Families are fleeing". Politico. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ Ramirez M. "As state laws target transgender children, families flee and become 'political refugees'". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ Yurcaba J (April 19, 2021). "'It's not safe': Parents of trans kids plan to flee their states as GOP bills loom". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ Lavietes, Matt; Yurcaba, Jo (October 17, 2024). "Texas AG sues doctor who allegedly provided transgender care to 21 minors". NBC News. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- ^ Block, Melissa (July 21, 2021). "Federal Judge Blocks Arkansas Ban On Gender Confirming Treatments For Trans Youth". NPR. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Branigin, Anne (June 21, 2023). "Arkansas federal judge blocks first ban on gender-affirming care". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- ^ Powell, Tori B. (February 24, 2022). "Texas Governor Greg Abbott orders state agencies to investigate gender-transitioning procedures as child abuse". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ^ Yurcaba, Jo (February 23, 2022). "Texas governor calls on citizens to report parents of transgender kids for abuse". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Texas Court Expands Injunction Blocking State from Targeting Families of Trans Youth Who Are Members of PFLAG National". ACLU (Press release). Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Nguyen, Alex; Melhado, William (June 2, 2023). "Gov. Greg Abbott signs legislation barring trans youth from accessing transition-related care". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ Melhado, William (August 25, 2023). "Texas ban on puberty blockers and hormone therapy for trans kids will go into effect despite legal fight". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
- ^ Vertuno, Jim; Demillo, Andrew (June 28, 2024). "Texas Supreme Court upholds ban on youth gender transitions. It's the largest state with such a law". AP News. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Chandler, Kim (April 8, 2022). "Alabama Governor Signs Law Banning Transgender Medication". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
- ^ Caspani, Maria (May 9, 2022). "Alabama ban on gender-affirming care for transgender youth takes effect". Reuters. Reuters. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ Rojas, Rick (May 14, 2022). "Alabama's Transgender Youth Can Use Medicine to Transition, Judge Rules". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ^ Fortinsky, Sarah (August 21, 2023). "Court reverses injunction on Alabama transgender health care ban". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Human Rights Campaign: South Dakota Lawmakers Turn Their Backs on Trans Kids Once Again". Human Rights Campaign. February 9, 2023. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
- ^ Cameron, Kesia (February 9, 2023). "SD Senate passes bill prohibiting gender-affirming medical care for minors". Dakotanewsnow.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
- ^ Sforza, Lauren (February 14, 2023). "Noem signs gender-affirming care ban for South Dakota youth". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
- ^ Yurcaba, Jo (February 28, 2023). "Mississippi governor signs bill banning transgender health care for minors". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- ^ Wagster Pettus, Emily (February 21, 2023). "Mississippi Senate passes limit on gender-affirming health care". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ Brown, Melissa (February 23, 2023). "Tennessee legislature passes ban on gender-transition health care for minors". The Tennessean. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
- ^ "TN Governor signs drag show, gender-affirming care bills into law". WJHL | Tri-Cities News & Weather. March 2, 2023. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- ^ Walker, Finch (February 22, 2023). "Ban on health care for trans youth to go into effect in March. More is coming, Fine says". Florida Today. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
- ^ Riedel, Samantha (March 16, 2023). "Florida's Ban on Gender-Affirming Care for Minors Goes Into Effect Today". Them. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ Farrington, Brendan (May 17, 2023). "Florida Gov. DeSantis signs bills targeting drag shows, trans rights and care for transgender children". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
- ^ "Preliminary injunction, Case No. 4:23cv114-RH-MAF, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida, Tallahassee" (PDF). storage.courtlistener.com. June 6, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ Rose, Andy; Forrest, Jack (March 23, 2023). "Iowa's governor signs law banning gender-affirming care for minors". CNN Politics. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ^ "Georgia law will ban most transgender care for kids under 18". NBC News. Associated Press. March 23, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ^ Boboltz, Sara (March 21, 2023). "Georgia Legislature Sends Anti-Trans Health Care Bill To GOP Governor". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
- ^ Riedel, Samantha (September 6, 2023). "Georgia's Ban on Gender-Affirming Care for Youth Is Back In Effect". Them. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
- ^ Chen, Shawna; Habeshian, Sareen (March 30, 2023). "Kentucky and West Virginia the latest states to step up anti-trans push". Axios. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ Siegler, Allen (March 29, 2023). "W.Va. transgender health bill may have little effect on access to care". The Register-Herald. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
- ^ "GOP lawmakers override veto of transgender bill in Kentucky". Associated Press. March 29, 2023. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Mattise, Jonathan (September 29, 2023). "Judges maintain bans on gender-affirming care for youth in Tennessee and Kentucky". AP News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
- ^ Schreiner, Bruce; Lovan, Dylan (July 14, 2023). "Kentucky's ban on gender-affirming care takes effect as federal judge lifts injunction". AP News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
- ^ a b Cole, Devan (March 30, 2022). "Arizona governor signs bill outlawing gender-affirming care for transgender youth and approves anti-trans sports ban". CNN. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "SB 1138" (PDF). AZLeg.gov. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ^ a b "Arizona governor's executive orders ban conversion therapy, permit transgender health care". The Hill. June 28, 2023. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "House Bill 71 – Idaho State Legislature". Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ^ Maldonado, Mia (March 27, 2023). "Idaho bill to ban gender care for trans youth clears Senate, heads back to House". Idaho Capital Sun. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ^ "Federal judge blocks Idaho gender-affirming transgender care ban". ABC News. December 27, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Supreme Court temporarily revives Idaho law banning gender affirming care for minors". NPR. April 15, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ "Supreme Court permits Idaho to enforce ban on gender-affirming care for minors". CNN. April 15, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ "Indiana and Idaho enact bans on gender-affirming care for transgender youth | CNN Politics". CNN. April 7, 2023. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Federal judge blocks most of Indiana's ban on gender-affirming care for minors". PBS NewsHour. June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
- ^ "Ban on gender-affirming care for minors allowed to take effect in Indiana". ABC News. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Ahmed, Trisha (April 20, 2023). "North Dakota governor signs law criminalizing trans health care for minors". PBS. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Hanson, Amy Beth (April 28, 2023). "Montana latest to ban gender-affirming care for trans minors". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ^ Montana Fourth Judicial District Court (September 27, 2023). "Order granting plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction" (PDF). ACLU. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
- ^ "House Bill 808 Archived January 11, 2024, at the Wayback Machine" ncleg.gov. 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023
- ^ Veto of House Bill 808 Archived October 23, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. webservices.ncleg.gov. 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023
- ^ "House Bill 808 Archived December 23, 2023, at the Wayback Machine" ncleg.gov. 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023
- ^ "Oklahoma governor signs ban on gender-affirming care for trans kids". PBS News. May 1, 2023. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Murphy, Sean (October 7, 2023). "Federal Judge Allows Oklahoma Ban On Gender-Affirming Care For Minors To Take Effect". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
- ^ "Nebraska imposes 40 hours of therapy and other restrictions on care for trans youths". NBC News. October 2, 2023. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Ohio Governor Bans All Gender-Affirming Surgeries For Minors". HuffPost. January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Kaur, Anumita; Shin, Annys (December 14, 2023). "Ohio legislators pass ban on gender-affirming care for minors, sending bill to governor". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
- ^ "Ohio bans gender-affirming care for minors, restricts transgender athletes over Gov. Mike DeWine's veto". CBS News. January 24, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
- ^ "Ohio judge blocks ban on gender-affirming care for minors". The Hill. April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
- ^ "Judge upholds Ohio's gender-affirming care ban; civil rights group vows immediate appeal". ABC News. August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
- ^ "Wyoming Bans Gender Transition Care for Minors". New York Times. March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ "South Carolina Bans Gender Transition Care for Minors". New York Times. May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ "4th Circuit rules gender identity is a protected characteristic". Washington Blade. April 29, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ "NH HB619 2024 Regular Session". LegiScan.
- ^ "Sununu signs bans on trans girls in girls' sports, gender affirming surgeries for minors". New Hampshire Bulletin. July 19, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ "A parent and child's perspectives on the need for trans and nonbinary allyship". ctpublic.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica. "Connecticut governor signs law protecting abortion seekers and providers from out-of-state lawsuits". CNN. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Massachusetts governor signs bill safeguarding reproductive, gender-affirming health care into law". The Hill. July 29, 2022. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Senator Wiener's Historic Bill to Provide Refuge for Trans Kids and Their Families Signed into Law". sd11.senate.ca.gov. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Washington DC Mayor signs 'comprehensive' trans and abortion bill". November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Gov. Pritzker Signs Sweeping Reproductive Rights Protections Into Law". illinois.gov. January 13, 2023. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Governor signs House Bill 7, Reproductive and Gender-Affirming Health Care Act". governor.state.nm.us. March 16, 2023. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Vermont governor signs bills protecting access to abortion, gender-affirming care". The Hill. May 10, 2023. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Governor Murphy Signs Executive Order Protecting Gender-Affirming Health Care in New Jersey". nj.gov. April 4, 2023. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Bedayn, Jesse; Slevin, Colleen (April 14, 2023). "Colorado offers safe haven for abortion, transgender care". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Minnesota Session Laws - 2023, Regular Session". revisor.mn.gov. April 27, 2023. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Komenda, Ed (May 9, 2023). "Transgender minors protected from estranged parents under Washington law". PBS. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Governor Moore Signs Executive Order to Protect Gender Affirming Health Care in Maryland". governor.maryland.gov. June 6, 2023. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Bixby, Ginny (October 1, 2024). "Precedent-setting Maryland Trans Shield Act goes into effect". MoCo360. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
- ^ Yurcaba, Jo (June 26, 2023). "New York governor signs 'safe haven' law for transgender youth". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Wyatt, Sydney (August 15, 2023). "Oregon Gov. Tina Kotek celebrates law protecting gender-affirming care, abortion". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Gov. Mills signs controversial abortion and gender-affirming care bill into Maine law". April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- ^ "Maine's Governor Mills signs trans & abortion sanctuary bill into law". April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- ^ "Bill Texts: RI S2262 2024 Regular Session". LegiScan.
- ^ Rivelli, Elizabeth (May 19, 2023). "Changing Gender On Your Driver's License". Bankrate. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
- ^ Lazine, Mira. "Alabama will now require sterilization to change sex markers". INTO. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
- ^ "Florida bars transgender residents from changing gender on driver's licenses". The Hill. January 30, 2024.
- ^ "B.P.J. V. West Virginia State Board of Education - Order Granting Preliminary Injunction". Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
- ^ "Hecox v. Little". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
- ^ Chen, David W. (May 24, 2022). "Transgender Athletes Face Bans From Girls' Sports in 10 U.S. States". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Trans kids and supporters say new Texas law will keep them out of school sports". January 18, 2022.
- ^ "Arkansas governor signs transgender sports ban into law". NBC News. March 26, 2021.
- ^ "On the First Day of Pride Month, Florida Signed a Transgender Athlete Bill into Law". NPR. June 2, 2021.
- ^ "Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey Signs Anti-Trans Sports Bill into Law". Human Rights Campaign. April 23, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ "Oklahoma governor signs transgender sports ban". NBC News. March 30, 2022.
- ^ "Kentucky Legislature overrides governor's veto of transgender sports ban". NBC News. April 13, 2022.
- ^ "Mississippi governor signs bill banning trans athletes from school sports". NBC News. March 11, 2021.
- ^ "Tennessee Governor Signs Legislation Banning Collegiate Transgender Athletes". Sports Illustrated. May 6, 2022.
- ^ "West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice Signs Anti-Trans Sports Bill into Law". Human Rights Campaign. April 28, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ "South Carolina becomes the latest state to enact a transgender sports ban". NPR. May 17, 2022.
- ^ "Utah bans transgender athletes in girls sports despite governor's veto". NPR. March 25, 2022.
- ^ "South Dakota governor signs 2022's first trans athlete ban into law". NBC News. February 4, 2022.
- ^ "Montana governor signs bill banning transgender students from sports teams". TheGuardian.com. May 8, 2021.
- ^ "Kim Reynolds bans transgender girls from female sports, signing Republican-backed law". The Des Moines Register.
- ^ "Arizona Governor Becomes Second Official to Sign Anti-Trans Sports Bill Wednesday". Sports Illustrated. March 30, 2022.
- ^ "Idaho's Transgender Sports Ban Faces a Major Legal Hurdle". NPR.
- ^ "Wyoming bans transgender youths from girls' sports teams". NBC News. March 21, 2023.
- ^ Smith, Mitch (May 24, 2022). "Indiana Lawmakers Override Transgender Sports Veto". The New York Times.
- ^ "Louisiana Becomes Latest State to Ban Transgender Athletes in Schools". June 8, 2022.
- ^ "Georgia High School Association Chooses to Discriminate Against Transgender Student Athletes, Issuing Ban Against Competing in High School Sports". May 4, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ Chen, David W. (April 12, 2023). "North Dakota Bars Trans Girls and Women From Female Sports Teams". The New York Times.
- ^ "Sununu signs bans on trans girls in girls' sports, gender affirming surgeries for minors". New Hampshire Bulletin. July 19, 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ "Texas is pushing the most anti-trans bills in the country. Advocates fear deadly consequences". PBS. September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Trans Students Protected Under Title IX, Biden Administration Says". June 17, 2021.
- ^ a b c Andrews, Malika (November 8, 2017). "How Should High Schools Define Sexes for Transgender Athletes?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Hacke, Ray D. (2018). "'Girls Will Be Boys, and Boys Will Be Girls': The Emergence of the Transgender Athlete and a Defensive Game Plan for High Schools That Want to Keep Their Playing Fields Level – For Athletes of Both Genders" (PDF). Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law. 18 (2): 131–153 – via ndlegis.gov.
- ^ "Florida governor bans transgender women and girls from school sports". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
- ^ Gerlock, Grant (March 3, 2022). "Transgender girls and women now barred from female sports in Iowa". NPR. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Goins, Adria (July 28, 2022). "Parents of student athletes required to sign gender form by state law". Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
- ^ a b Terkel, Amanda (February 22, 2017). "Trump Administration Rescinds Protections For Transgender Students". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
- ^ a b O'Hara, Mary Emily (April 8, 2017). "This Law Firm Is Linked to Anti-Transgender Bathroom Bills Across the Country". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ Brown, Emma; Balingit, Moriah (February 29, 2016). "Transgender students' access to bathrooms is at front of LGBT rights battle". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ Michaels, Samantha (April 25, 2016). "We Tracked Down the Lawyers Behind the Recent Wave of Anti-Trans Bathroom Bills". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ "Testimony of Michael J. Norton, Senior Counsel, Alliance Defending Freedom" (PDF). Alliance Defending Freedom. February 4, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
- ^ Senate Bill 270 (PDF). Arkansas State Legislature. 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2023.
- ^ Shapero, Julia (May 4, 2023). "Florida passes transgender bathroom bill". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
- ^ Migdon, Brooke (March 24, 2023). "Idaho governor signs transgender bathroom bill". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
At least three other states — Alabama, Oklahoma and Tennessee — have enacted so-called bathroom bills since 2021.
- ^ "Act 619". arkleg.state.ar.us. April 11, 2023. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ National Center for Transgender Equality. "Take Action Against Anti-Trans Legislation Now!" Retrieved from "Take Action Against Anti-Trans Legislation Now!". January 23, 2016. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
- ^ "Appeals court rules against transgender man in bathroom case". ABC News. Associated Press. December 31, 2022. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- ^ Adams ex rel. Kasper v. School Board of St. Johns County, Florida, No. 18-13592 (11th Cir. December 30, 2022). [full citation needed]
- ^ "Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida". Lambda Legal. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- ^ "Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. August 7, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- ^ Schwartzapfel, Beth (December 10, 2024). "New Florida Policy on Trans Care in Prison Like "Conversion Therapy"". The Marshall Project. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ^ Hanshaw, Annelise (November 25, 2024). "Missouri judge upholds state ban on transgender health care for minors • Missouri Independent". Missouri Independent. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ^ a b c Brend, Yvette (December 15, 2022). "Drag storytimes have become a target of hate. Why some families love them anyway". CBC. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
- ^ Ottenhof, Luke (November 29, 2022). "'I don't feel safe': Ontario drag performers reckon with heightened risk". TVO. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ "What is 'Grooming?' The Truth Behind the Dangerous, Bigoted Lie Targeting the LGBTQ+ Community". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ a b "Updated GLAAD Report: Drag events faced at least 141 protests and significant threats in 2022". GLAAD. November 21, 2022. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ Simpson, Katie (December 8, 2022). "As drag shows in the U.S. are increasingly targeted, the community fears violence". CBC. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
- ^ Hayden, Michael Edison (June 14, 2022). "FAR-RIGHT INFLUENCERS HYPED COEUR D'ALENE PRIDE BEFORE PATRIOT FRONT SHOWED UP". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ McNeill, Zane (May 2, 2023). "Nazis Carrying Banner That Says, "There Will Be Blood" Protest Ohio Drag Brunch". Truthout. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
- ^ Astor, Maggie (June 22, 2023). "Report Cites More Than 350 Anti-L.G.B.T.Q. Incidents Over 11 Months". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Alfonseca, Kiara (June 22, 2023). "Rise in anti-LGBTQ hate and extremism captured in new reports". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "US leads global threat to drag events: 'Backsliding toward hate and violence'". The Independent. June 22, 2023. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Tennessee governor signs first-of-its-kind bill restricting drag shows". NBC News. March 3, 2023. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ Fiscus, Kirsten (March 1, 2023). "Tennessee drag show bill: Will drag performances be banned? What we know". The Tennessean. Gannett. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Baker-Jordan, Skylar (March 2, 2023). "Why the Tennessee ban on drag shows should terrify us all". The Independent. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ Bacallao, Marianna (July 18, 2024). "Tennessee's law restricting drag has been ruled unconstitutional". WPLN.
- ^ Bacallao, Marianna (June 3, 2023). "Tennessee's drag ban is back after appeals court ruling". WPLN. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Riley, John (June 23, 2023). "Texas Governor Signs Law Banning Drag Performances in Public Businesses". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Mizelle, Shawna (May 24, 2023). "Montana governor signs bill banning drag performers from reading to children in public schools, libraries". CNN. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Kashiwagi, Sydney (June 3, 2023). "Trump-appointed federal judge rules Tennessee's anti-drag show law is 'unconstitutional'". CNN. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Trotta, Daniel (June 23, 2023). "U.S. court blocks Florida law restricting drag performances". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Lavietes, Matt (September 26, 2023). "Federal judge declares Texas drag law unconstitutional". NBC News. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
- ^ Hanson, Amy Beth (October 13, 2023). "Montana judge keeps in place a ban on enforcement of law restricting drag shows, drag reading events". AP News. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
- ^ Sneed, Tierney (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court's decision on abortion could open the door to overturn same-sex marriage, contraception and other major rulings". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (June 24, 2022). "Justice Thomas: SCOTUS "should reconsider" contraception, same-sex marriage rulings". Politico. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ Carlisle, Madeline. "Clarence Thomas Signals Same-Sex Marriage and Contraception Rights at Risk After Overturning Roe v. Wade". Time. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ Somin, Ilya (July 20, 2022). "Federalism and the Respect for Marriage Act". Reason. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (March 9, 2023). "Tennessee May Allow Clerks to Refuse Marriage Licenses to Same-Sex Couples". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Schneid, Rebecca (July 12, 2023). "Texas judge who doesn't want to perform gay marriage ceremonies hopes web designer's Supreme Court case helps her fight". Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
- ^ Bond-Theriault, Candace (April 19, 2022). "The Right Targets Queer Theory". The Nation. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Alfonseca, Kiara (December 3, 2021). "Authors of color speak out against efforts to ban books on race". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ^ Will, Madeline (September 30, 2021). "Calls to Ban Books by Black Authors Are Increasing Amid Critical Race Theory Debates". Education Week. ISSN 0277-4232. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ^ Kingkade, Tyler; Zadrozny, Brandy; Collins, Ben (June 15, 2021). "Critical race theory battle invades school boards — with help from conservative groups". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ^ "Division over Critical Race Theory's Meaning Has Spurred A Rise in Book Bans". The Takeaway. February 8, 2022. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ^ Hall, Richard (January 27, 2023). "'I've never seen anything like it': Florida teachers strip classroom shelves of books in response to DeSantis ban". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
- ^ Walsh, Matt. "Tweet". Twitter. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Murray, Conor. "LGBTQ Culture Wars Increasingly Target Companies—And Nike, Adidas And Ford Are Only The Latest". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ "Anti-trans backlash against Bud Light has executives on the hot seat. What's going on?". Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2023. Archived from the original on April 27, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
- ^ Sampson, Hannah. "Conservatives want to cancel Disney. It's not the first time". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ Guynn, Jessica. "Target removes LGBTQ Pride month merchandise after threats". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ McClintock, Pamela (December 17, 2024). "Disney Pulls Transgender Storyline from Pixar's 'Win or Lose' Streaming Series (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- ^ Margolin, Josh. "Threats against the LGBTQIA+ community intensifying: Department of Homeland Security". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ Bernal, Rafael (March 13, 2023). "Hate crimes up by double digits last year: FBI". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ Krauth, Dan (June 14, 2022). "Hate crimes up by nearly 50% in LGBTQ+ community across New York City". ABC 7 NY. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ Sternfield, Marc (June 20, 2023). "Hate crimes targeting California's gay community rose by 29% in 2022, report says". KTLA. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ Franklin, Jonathan. "A California store owner was shot and killed over a Pride flag displayed at her shop". NPR. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ Loffman, Matt (April 16, 2021). "New poll shows Americans overwhelmingly oppose anti-transgender laws". PBS NewsHour.
- ^ "Poll: Majority of U.S. Adults Oppose Anti-LGBTQ Education Policies, Agree that Transgender Youth Should Have Access to Gender-Affirming Care". The Trevor Project. March 30, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
- ^ "LGBTQ+ Content Bans and Gender-Affirming Medical Care" (PDF). The Trevor Project and Morning Consult. March 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
- ^ "Americans' Complex Views on Gender Identity and Transgender Issues". Pew Research Center. June 28, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
- ^ "Trump is exploiting an anti-trans turn in public opinion". The Washington Post. February 21, 2023. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ Saksa, Jim (March 31, 2023). "Republicans' fixation on trans issues could backfire, pollsters say". Roll Call. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
- ^ Gans, Jared (May 6, 2023). "Majority of Americans oppose gender-affirming care for minors, trans women participating in sports: poll". The Hill. The Hill. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
- ^ Bates, Suzanne (January 19, 2023). "Transgender issues in schools and states: New poll shows how Americans feel". Deseret News. Archived from the original on September 12, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ Gramlich, John (January 4, 2023). "Black Democrats differ from other Democrats in their views on gender identity, transgender issues". Pew Research Center. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (May 8, 2024). "Poll Finds Majority of Americans Support Anti-Trans Policies Despite Claiming to Oppose Discrimination". The Advocate. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
- ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (June 12, 2023). "More Say Birth Gender Should Dictate Sports Participation". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
- ^ a b Villarreal, Daniel (October 9, 2024). "The GOP is spending millions on transphobic ads. Polls suggest it may backfire". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
- ^ Rummler, Orion (September 18, 2023). "How personal relationships influence views on gender-affirming care". The 19th. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ Wiggins, Christopher (September 18, 2023). "Americans Don't Want Politicians Focusing on Transgender Issues, Survey Finds". The Advocate. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
- ^ Becker, Amanda; Barclay, Mel Leonor (September 18, 2023). "Americans don't trust politicians on abortion and gender-affirming care, poll finds". The 19th. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
- ^ "Strong Majorities Prefer Female-Only Interactions for Women, Girls in Athletics, Restroom, Other Situations". SurveyUSA. September 28, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
- ^ Orth, Taylor (February 16, 2024). "Where Americans stand on 20 transgender policy issues". YouGov. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
- ^ Migdon, Brooke (March 7, 2024). "Most voters oppose candidates who campaign against transgender people: Poll". The Hill. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
- ^ Brenan, Megan (June 7, 2024). "Slim Majority of U.S. Adults Still Say Changing Gender Is Morally Wrong". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ Blake, Suzanne (June 7, 2024). "Some Republicans Back Transgender Care for Kids in New Poll". Newsweek. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ McMenamin, Lex (August 8, 2024). "Study: 90% of Trans Americans Fear Election Impact on Healthcare". Teen Vogue. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ^ "Fox News poll: Voters trust Kamala Harris more than Donald Trump on transgender issues". The Advocate. September 24, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ^ Washington, Julie (October 11, 2024). "Ohioans overwhelmingly oppose transgender rights protections, BW poll finds". Cleveland. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
- ^ "The Ohio Pulse Poll" (PDF). Baldwin Wallace University. October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
- ^ "Republicans Spent Nearly $215M on TV Ads Attacking Trans Rights This Election". Truthout. November 5, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ a b "Some Democrats blame party's position on transgender rights in part for Harris' loss". NBC News. November 8, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ "Even if Harris isn't talking about gender, everyone else is". NBC News. October 25, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ "The Harris Campaign Has Offered Trans People Almost Nothing". The Nation. October 15, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ "Trump and allies are pouring millions into anti-trans election ads as election nears". ABC News. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
- ^ "Republicans have bet big on anti-trans ads. Voters hate them". The Independent. October 24, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Goldmacher, Shane; Haberman, Maggie; Swan, Jonathan (November 7, 2024). "How Trump Won, and How Harris Lost, the 2024 Presidential Election". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
- ^ "After a stinging loss, Democrats debate where to draw the line on transgender rights". Semafor. November 12, 2024. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
- ^ "Anti-trans ads erode support for transgender people in America with no effect on presidential election: study". The Advocate. October 24, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ "Ground Media study finds Trump's anti-trans ad fails politically, but dangerously erodes public support for trans people". Ground Media. October 24, 2024. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
- ^ "No Country for Young Men: 18-29-Year-Old Male Voters Pessimistic About America, Have Conventional Political Priorities, Love Obama". Blueprint. October 22, 2024. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
- ^ a b "Anti-trans ads are unpopular with voters, but are still deepening anti-trans outlooks". LGBTQ Nation. October 31, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ [hhttps://www.filesforprogress.org/datasets/2024/10/dfp_transgender_issues_tabs.pdf "Transgender Issues Tabs"] (PDF). Data for Progress. October 21, 2024. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
- ^ "Donald Trump is hammering Kamala Harris on trans issues. But voters say they don't care". LGBTQ Nation. October 24, 2024. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
- ^ Brenan, Megan (October 9, 2024). "Economy Most Important Issue to 2024 Presidential Vote". Gallup, Inc. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
- ^ "Voters Prefer Candidates Who Are Supportive of Transgender Rights, Think Recent Political Ads Have Gotten Mean-Spirited and Out of Hand". Data for Progress. October 24, 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
- ^ "National Post Election Public Memo" (PDF). November 6, 2024. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
- ^ "New Post Election Poll: Equality Voters Overwhelmingly Backed Harris-Walz ticket; Anti-Trans Attack Ads Proved Ineffective with Broad Swath of Voters". Human Rights Campaign. November 7, 2024. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
- ^ "The cruel truth behind Trump's new attacks on trans people". Vox Media. October 30, 2024. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
- ^ "Anti-trans attack ads haven't won the GOP anything. Dems should stop acting scared". MSNBC.
- ^ "GOP ads on transgender rights are dominating airwaves in the election's closing days". NPR.
- ^ "2 Democrats speak out against transgender athletes after Trump win". The Hill. November 7, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ "Suozzi says Democrats lost votes for supporting 'biological boys' playing on girls' sports teams". City & State. November 7, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ^ "LGBTQ voters moved away from Trump as other Americans embraced him". Washington Blade.
- ^ "What the New York Times gets wrong about puberty blockers for transgender youth". Science Based Medicine. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ "The NYT's Big Piece on Puberty Blockers Mucked Up the Most Important Point About Them". Slate. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ "Nearly 200 New York Times Contributors Are Denouncing the Paper's Anti-Trans Coverage". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ "Liberals Rose to Fight the Assault on Abortion — but Not Trans Rights". The Intercept. December 31, 2022. Archived from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ "Nearly 1,000 contributors protest New York Times' coverage of trans people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ "Trans people deserve better journalism". Vox. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
- ^ Yurcaba, Jo (April 11, 2022). "More Texas families with trans kids plan to flee the state". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Michaels, Samantha. "Transgender Teens and Their Families Prepare to Flee Texas". Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Yurcaba, Jo (July 7, 2022). "Texas trans activist, 11, flees the state after years of advocacy". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Carlisle, Madeleine (July 14, 2022). "As Texas Targets Trans Youth, a Family Leaves in Search of a Better Future". Time. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Ernst, Sara (April 27, 2022). "Texas families with trans kids are leaving the state". NPR. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Rummler, Orion (May 1, 2021). "'I want to choose flight': Families look to leave states banning health care for trans kids". Axios. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Colombini, Stephanie (April 7, 2023). "Families of trans youth weigh leaving Florida as more bans on gender-affirming care loom". WUSF. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ House Bill 5506, Section Sec 484, 485, 486, 487, 488. The Connecticut General Assembly. May 24, 2022. p. 681-686. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022.; "Connecticut HB05506 | 2022 | General Assembly". Archived from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Migdon, Brooke (June 8, 2023). "Maryland governor signs executive order protecting access to gender-affirming care". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ Zoledziowski, Anya (January 10, 2023). "Some Trans People Are Preparing to Flee the US and Seek Asylum Abroad". Vice Media. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Hagen, Isobel van. "Transphobia is on the rise in the US. Meet the transgender people planning to relocate to Europe because they can no longer stand the 'hostile environment.'". Insider. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Trans People Are Fleeing the U.S. and Seeking Asylum As Politicians Target Them". Jezebel. January 10, 2023. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Logan, Nick (March 16, 2023). "This petition asks Canada to grant asylum to transgender people from the U.S. Could it work?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Vanderklippe, Nathan (November 27, 2022). "In Texas, members of LGBTQ community arm themselves to fight right-wing extremists". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
- ^ Migdon, Brooke (May 23, 2023). "Human Rights Campaign issues Florida travel advisory". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
- ^ a b "United States: UN expert warns LGBT rights being eroded, urges stronger safeguards". UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. United Nations. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- ^ Gillies, Rob (August 31, 2023). "Canada issues travel advisory warning LGBTQ+ community about U.S. laws that may affect them". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
- ^ Austen, Ian (August 30, 2023). "Canada Cautions L.G.B.T.Q. Citizens Visiting U.S. Over State Laws". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
External links
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
- Mapping Attacks on LGBTQ Rights in U.S. State Legislatures, per ACLU
- Map: Attacks on Gender Affirming Care by State, per Human Rights Campaign
- 2023 Anti-Trans Legislation, per Track Trans Legislation
- 2023 LGBTQ Equality by State, per Movement Advancement Project
- Restrictions on Drag Performances, per Movement Advancement Project
