Wikipedia

2019 renaming of South African National Defence Force reserve units

In 2019 the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) renamed 52 of its 66 army's Reserve Force units. The changes were made to include more indigenous African references in the unit names, which had previously had a colonial and apartheid-era influence. The SANDF's Name Review Steering Committee led the process in consultation with the units, past members and communities. Name suggestions came from the units, with the army's director of reserves, Brigadier General Gerhard Kamffer providing a list of suggestions. Of the renamed units 26 took names relating to indigenous African military history and 25 took names relating to the apartheid and colonial era. Units were initially given three years to transition their insignia to the new names; this was later extended to 31 April 2023. One unit scheduled to change its name, the Cape Town Highlanders, is thought to have been granted permission to abandon the move in 2022.

Background

edit

Many units of the South African National Defence Force's Reserve Force had ancestry dating back to the British colonial era (including units of the Union Defence Force) and the apartheid-era South African Defence Force.[1] The names of these units reflected this heritage including many named in or after 1934 for Boer generals.[1]

A process of assessing the names of the units was begun by then chief of the South African Army Lieutenant General Vusumuzi Masondo in 2013.[2] The intention was to include more indigenous African influence in the unit names.[3] The names of 66 reserve units were reviewed and it was determined that 52 should be changed.[1]

Renaming

edit

The process of renaming was overseen by the Name Review Steering Committee.[3] The process involved three rounds of consultation with serving soldiers, unit commanders, regimental councils (consisting of current and former members), regimental associations of past members, town councils and communities associated with the units.[1] The units were asked to suggest potential new names.[1] They were assisted by a list of names drawn up under the oversight of the director of reserves, Brigadier General Gerhard Kamffer.[3] The list comprised names of South African military personalities, battles and events from across a range of eras, cultures and regions.[1][4] The list was inspired partly by a 1983 anti-apartheid poster by Thamsanga Mnyele that depicted black South African figures such as Shaka, Sol Plaatje, Moshoeshoe I and Maqoma.

Units were not permitted to be named after living persons.[1] Major General Roy Andersen, Chief Defence Reserves of the SANDF said "the names created are to uphold their heritage and to be attractive to the youth of today".[5] Many geographical locations in South Africa have been renamed since 1994 by the South African Geographical Names Council, often those named after British or Boer military personnel.[6] In many cases where reserve units were named after these locations their name was not updated.[1] The units with geographical names were asked to consider not merely updating their names but to consider a name taken from South African military history.[1]

The names suggested by the units were reviewed by the committee, which was led by Kamffer. Where the committee was not satisfied the unit was asked to suggest another name, though this happened only on two occasions.[5] When the process was completed 25 of the renamed units were named after indigenous African military history, with 15 names linked to the anti-apartheid campaign.[1] Some 26 of the new unit names were associated with so-called "statutory" military history of the apartheid and colonial era.[1] Three units were given names relating to anti-apartheid leader and first black president Nelson Mandela and two were named after Sekhukhune, king and military leader of the Pedi people in the 19th century.[1] The South African army's Natal Carbineers were renamed the Ingobamakhosi Carbineers after a Zulu regiment that had fought against them[a] at the 1879 Battle of Isandlwana.[1]

The renamed units retained the battle honours of their predecessors. Units that had a traditional association with Scotland or Ireland (and so included "Scottish", "Irish" or "Highland" in their names) were encouraged to reuse the former name in a sub-unit which could continue the traditions, dress and music associated with these countries.[1][5] Unit colours, insignia (such as cap badges and shoulder flashes) and associated symbols were initially allowed to remain unchanged, with units having three years to phase in new ones.[1][10]

Impact

edit

The change led some units to parade without insignia and, in the case of a Johannesburg regiment, without uniform, as unit commanders chose not to use the old equipment. The change led to the loss of historically unique uniforms, such as that of the Transvaal Scottish, where sub-units did not carry on the traditional dress. Some of the old Colours of the units were laid up in museums or churches as they were replaced by new colours for the new unit names. The date for transitioning to new insignia was extended in 2022 to 31 April 2023.[10]

The name changes are estimated to have cost the SANDF 8 million rand. In 2019 the SANDF said the new unit names had been well-received by serving soldiers.[4] At the time of the change Democratic Alliance MP Kobus Marais raised concerns that the changes were made purely for political reasons and that the changes would result in lower recruitment rates for the units.[5] In June 2022 it was noted that the Cape Town Highlanders, founded in 1885 as the first Highland regiment in the southern hemisphere and scheduled to be renamed the Gonnema Regiment, had yet to change their name and press reports suggested they had been permitted to retain their previous name.[11][12]

List of changed unit names

edit

The renaming is as per the DefenceWeb report of 7 August 2019;[3] additional details on namesakes are cited inline.[1] Units that were not renamed in 2019 include the Rand Light Infantry, Umvoti Mounted Rifles, Johannesburg Regiment, Kimberley Regiment and the Tshwane Regiment.[1]

Infantry

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
Natal Carbineers Ingobamakhosi Carbineers[3] Formed in the Colony of Natal in 1855, a carbine is a shortened rifle used by mounted soldiers.[13] Ingobamakhosi Zulu regiment who fought in the left flank of the Zulu line at the 1879 Battle of Isandlwana and fought against the Natal Carbineers.[14]
Cape Town Rifles Chief Langalibalele Rifles Formed at Cape Town in 1855.[15]: 285  Langalibalele, king of the amaHlubi who rebelled against the British in 1873.[16]: 52–54 
First City Chief Makhanda Regiment Raised as the First City Volunteers in 1875, the first military unit in the city of Grahamstown.[17]: 338  Xhosa witch doctor Makhanda who fought against the British in the 1818-1819 Fifth Xhosa War. Grahamstown, upon which he led an unsuccessful attack, was also renamed after Makhanda in 2018.[16]: 42 [18]: 167 
Prince Alfred’s Guard Chief Maqoma Regiment Formed in 1856 as the Port Elizabeth Volunteer Rifle Corps. Name granted by Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during a visit in 1860.[19]: 18  Xhosa chief Maqoma who fought the British during the Sixth (1834–1836) and Eighth (1850–1853) Xhosa Wars.[20]: 56 
Cape Town Highlanders Gonnema Regiment - Not Made[b][12] Formed in Cape Town in 1885 by members of the Scottish diaspora, was the first Highland regiment in the southern hemisphere.[11] Khoekhoe chief Gonnema who fought the Dutch during the Second Khoikhoi–Dutch War of the 1670s.[21]: 484 
Transvaal Scottish Solomon Mahlangu Regiment[c] Formed in 1902 at Johannesburg, in the newly founded Transvaal Colony, from members of the Scottish diaspora.[11] Solomon Mahlangu anti-apartheid fighter with the African National Congress, executed in 1979.[23]
Witwatersrand Rifles Bambatha Rifles Formed in 1903 from former members of the Railway Pioneer Regiment and mine employees in the Witwatersrand region.[24]: 3–4  Zulu chief Bhambatha who led the Bambatha Rebellion against the British colonial authorities in 1906.[25]: 24 
Regiment Botha General Botha Regiment Formed in Northern and Eastern Transvaal Province in 1934 and named after Louis Botha, Boer general of the Second Boer War.[26]: 45  Unchanged
Regiment de la Rey General de la Rey Regiment Formed in Western Transvaal Province in 1934 and named after Koos de la Rey, Boer general of the Second Boer War.[26]: 71  Unchanged
Regiment de Wet Chief Albert Luthuli Regiment Raised in the Orange Free State in 1934 and named after Christiaan de Wet, Boer general of the Second Boer War.[27]: 167  Albert Luthuli president of the African National Congress (1952-1967) and advocate for non-violent resistance, 1960 Nobel Peace Prize winner.[28]: 15 
Regiment Westelike Provinsie General Jan Smuts Regiment Raised in 1934 from Afrikaans speakers, the title is the Afrikaans name for Western Cape Province.[29]: 238  Jan Smuts Boer leader in the Second Boer War, Allied general in the First World War and Prime Minister of South Africa in the Second World War.[30]
South African Irish Regiment Andrew Mlangeni Regiment Formed in 1914 from first- and second-generation Irish immigrants.[31]: 108 [32] Andrew Mlangeni anti-apartheid campaigner with the African National Congress, imprisoned along with Nelson Mandela at the 1963-64 Rivonia Trial.[33]
Regiment Christiaan Beyers Mapungubwe Regiment Formed from the second battalion of the Regiment Botha in 1951.[26] Christiaan Beyers was a Boer general of the Second Boer War.[34]: 46  The Kingdom of Mapungubwe, a medieval state in Southern Africa.[35]
Regiment Piet Retief Nelson Mandela Regiment Formed at Port Elizabeth in 1940, it had originally been suggested to name the regiment after Jan Smuts, a Boer War and First World War general and the then prime minister of South Africa.[36]: 221  Piet Retief was a Boer leader during the Great Trek.[37] Nelson Mandela, anti-apartheid campaigner and first black president of South Africa (1994-1999).[38]
Regiment President Kruger Lenong Regiment Formed at Krugersdorp in 1954 and named, as is the town, after Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic (1883–1902).[39]: 246 [40]: 217  "Vulture" in the Sotho language, a name given to the advisors to Sotho chiefs.[41]
Regiment Oos Rand OR Tambo Regiment Formed in 1960 at Benoni. An Afrikaans-speaking unit it was named after the Afrikaans name for the East Rand region.[42]: 88  O. R. Tambo anti-apartheid fighter and president of the African National Congress (1967–1991).[43]
Durban Regiment King Shaka Regiment Formed at Durban in 1960.[44]: 122  Shaka king of the Zulu people 1816-1828. He strengthened the Zulu kingdom by expansion against its neighbours, leading to the Mfecane period of conflict across southern and central Africa.[45]
Regiment Bloemspruit Mangaung Regiment Formed at Bloemfontein in 1964 and named after the Bloemspruit, a tributary of the Vals River.[39]: 251 [46]: 328  Sotho for "place of cheetahs". The city of Bloemfontein became part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality in 2011.[47]: 63–64 
Regiment Noord-Transvaal Job Masego Regiment Formed at Pretoria in 1964 and its name is the Afrikaans for North Transvaal.[48]: 253  Job Maseko/Masego, a Native Military Corps soldier during the Second World War. Awarded the Military Medal for sinking a German freighter with an improvised explosive whilst a prisoner of war.[49]
2 Parachute Battalion Bagaka Regiment Formed in 1971 as a reserve unit to support the regular 1 Parachute Battalion.[50]: XVII  Tswana language for "legends" or "heroes".[51]

Artillery

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
Cape Field Artillery Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment Founded in Cape Town in 1857 as the Cape Town Volunteer Artillery.[52] It went through several name changes including being named after Prince Alfred and became the Cape Field Artillery in 1932.[52]: 288  Nelson Mandela, anti-apartheid campaigner and first black president of South Africa (1994-1999).[38]
Natal Field Artillery King Cetshwayo Artillery Regiment Formed as an artillery company of the Durban Rifle Guard in 1862, it became the Natal Field Artillery in 1892.[53]: 83  Cetshwayo, king of the Zulu people 1873-1879 who led their fight against the British in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.[54]
Transvaal Horse Artillery Sandfontein Artillery Regiment Founded as the Lys Volunteer Corps in 1904.[55]: 68  It became the Transvaal Horse Artillery Volunteers in September 1904 and dropped the Volunteers designation in 1908.[55]: 68  After the Battle of Sandfontein (German South West Africa) in 1914, the first foreign deployment of the Union Defence Force.[56]
Vrystaat Artillerie Regiment General Dan Pienaar Artillery Regiment Formed as the Oranje Vrystaat Artillerie (Afrikaans: Orange Free State Artillery) in 1857.[57]: 76  Dan Pienaar South African officer of the First World War and general of the Second World War.[58]: 82 
Transvaal Staatsartillerie State Artillery Regiment Established in 1881, the regiment's name was Afrikaans for "Transvaal State Artillery".[59]: 1  The Transvaal province was split in 1994 and the name is no longer used for any administrative sub-division of the country.[60]
18 Light Regiment Steve Biko Artillery Regiment Formed under a numerical designation in 1978 as an airborne artillery unit.[61] Steve Biko, founder of the anti-apartheid Black Consciousness Movement, died in police custody 1977.[62]

Air defence artillery

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
Cape Garrison Artillery Autshumato Anti-Aircraft Regiment Formed in Cape Colony in 1891.[26]: 54  Autshumato an early 17th-century Khoekhoe who acted as interpreter and agent for early English settlers at Cape Town.[63]: 13 
Regiment Vaal Rivier Galeshewe Anti-Aircraft Regiment Afrikaans for Vaal River. The unit was formed in 1960.[64] Kgosi Galeshewe, a chief of the Batlhaping tribe who led anti-British uprisings in 1878 and in 1896 – 97.[65]
Regiment Oos Transvaal iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment Founded 1964 and named after the Afrikaans for "East Transvaal". The unit was also known as die Rotte, from the abbreviation ROT.[66] The iWombe Zulu regiment, of which Shaka was a member.[67]: 48 
6 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment Founded in 1965 from personnel of the Regiment Oos Transvaal.[68] Sekhukhune, king of the Pedi people, who led his people against the Boers in the First Sekhukhune War of 1876 and the British in the Second Sekhukhune War of 1879.[69]
44 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Madzhakandila Anti-Aircraft Regiment Raised in 1985 as an airborne unit associated with 44 Parachute Brigade.[70]

Armoured

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
Natal Mounted Rifles Queen Nandi Mounted Rifles Formed in the Colony of Natal in 1888 from a number of town-based units that had fought in the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War.[71]: 175  Queen Nandi of the Zulu people, mother of Shaka and regent during his absence on military campaigns.[72]: 299 
Light Horse Regiment Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment Formed as the Imperial Light Horse at Johannesburg in 1899 for service in the Second Boer War.[73]: 19  The "Imperial" designation was dropped as a result of South Africa's 1961 transition to a republic.[73]: 181  The city of Johannesburg where the unit was founded and is garrisoned (at Mount Collins).[74]: 39 
Pretoria Regiment Pretoria Armour Regiment Formed at Pretoria in 1913 as an infantry regiment and received the additional title of "Princess Alice's Own" in 1930 after their colonel-in-chief Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. Converted to an armoured regiment during the Second World War, they lost the "Royal" title because of South Africa's 1961 transition to a republic.[75] Unchanged
Regiment President Steyn Thaba Bosiu Armour Regiment Formed in 1934 as an infantry unit and named after Martinus Theunis Steyn, the last president of the Orange Free State.[76]: 74  During the Second World War the unit was combined with the Regiment Botha to form an armoured regiment. In 1946 the Regiment President Steyn was re-established as an independent infantry unit. It converted to an armoured regiment in 1949.[77]: 126  Thaba Bosiu, a sandstone plateau in Lesotho and a stronghold for Moshoeshoe I. It remained unconquered during a series of wars against British settlers and the Orange Free State.[78]: 506 
Regiment Oranjerivier Blaauwberg Armour Regiment Formed in 1952 as the "Regiment Noordwes-Kaap" (Afrikaans: North-West Cape Regiment) and renamed the same year as "Regiment Hertzog" after J. B. M. Hertzog, Second Boer War commander and prime minister of South Africa 1924-1939. Renamed after the Afrikaans for the Orange River in 1960.[77]: 81 [79] The Blaauwberg mountain near Cape Town, where the unit is garrisoned.[80]
Regiment Mooirivier Molapo Armour Regiment Formed as the "2nd Anti-Tank Regiment" in 1954, a refounding of a Second World War unit of the same name, it later became the "Regiment Hendrik Potgieter" after Hendrik Potgieter a Voortrekker. Renamed the "Regiment Mooirivier" in 1959 after the Afrikaans for Mooi River in Vaal province where Potgieter founded Potchefstroom.[81]: 5 [82]: 336 [83]: 326–327  Molapo, son of Moshoeshoe I, king of the Sotho people. A military commander during a series of wars against British settlers and the Orange Free State.[84]: 157 

Engineer

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
3 Field Engineer Regiment Ihawu Field Engineer Regiment N/A The personal shield (as opposed to the one issued for war) of a Zulu man.[85]: 30 
9 Field Engineer Regiment Umkhonto Field Engineer Regiment N/A Xhosa for "spear", also the common name of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the paramilitary wing of the African National Congress in the apartheid era.[86]: 2 
44 Parachute Engineer Regiment Ukhosi Parachute Engineer Regiment N/A "Eagle" in Xhosa and Zulu.[87]

Signals

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
71 Signal Unit Western Cape Signal Unit N/A Western Cape province
7 Signal Group Gauteng Reserve Signal Unit N/A Gauteng province
84 Signal Unit Kwa-Zulu Natal Signal Unit N/A KwaZulu-Natal province

Support units

edit
Former name New name Former namesake New namesake
30 Field Workshop Doman Field Workshop N/A Doman, a Khoikhoi leader during the First Khoikhoi-Dutch War (1659–1660).[88]: 72 
31 Field Workshop General Sipho Binda Field Workshop N/A Lieutenant-General Sipho Binda, a "commander" with the Umkhonto we Sizwe and later the logistics branch of the South African National Defence Force.[89]
32 Field Workshop Sabelo Phama Field Workshop N/A Sabelo Phama, a nationalist guerrilla fighter and commander of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.[90]
71 Field Workshop Chris Hani Field Workshop N/A Chris Hani, leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, assassinated in 1993.[91]
37 Field Workshop Sekhukhune Field Workshop N/A Sekhukhune, king of the Pedi people, who led his people against the Boers in the First Sekhukhune War of 1876 and the British in the Second Sekhukhune War of 1879.[69]
7 Field Workshop Ngungunyane Field Workshop N/A Another name for Gungunhana, late 19th-century leader of the Gaza Empire in modern Mozambique. He became a symbol of the nationalist movement in the Mozambican War of Independence.[92]: 466 
4 Maintenance Unit Logistical Support Unit N/A N/A
11 Maintenance Unit General Andrew Masondo Maintenance Unit N/A Lieutenant-General Andrew Masondo, a "commander" of the Umkhonto we Sizwe, national commissioner of the African National Congress and general of the South African National Defence Force with service including the role of Chief of the Service Corps.[93]
19 Transit Maintenance Unit Madiba Bay Maintenance Unit N/A Another name for Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth), after the Xhosa clan name of Nelson Mandela (Gqeberha is part of Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality).[94]: 109 [95]: 27 

Notes

edit
  1. ^ When mustered for the war, in November 1878, the Natal Carbineers amounted to 3 officers and 57 men; 2 officers and 29 men fought at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and 2 officers and 20 men were killed there.[7]: 17 [8]: 156–157  The rest of the unit, and their commanding officer, Captain Offy Shepstone were away from camp with a reconnaissance party.[9]: 111, 116 
  2. ^ In June 2022 it was confirmed that this name change had not been made and it is thought to have been abandoned[12] Quote: Mahapa said that "Cape Town Highlanders has not officially changed its name and remain known as the Cape Town Highlanders."
  3. ^ There has been some controversy about this specific change of name, with critics citing the fact that the TRC found him to have been guilty of Gross Human Rights Abuses.[22]: 592–594 

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kamffer, Brig-Genl Gerhard (16 August 2019). "Renaming process has resulted in an Army structure that truly represents SA". www.iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  2. ^ Helfrich, Kim (26 February 2021). "Kamffer looks set to depart Army Reserves director post". defenceWeb. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e Helfrich, Kim (7 August 2019). "New Reserve Force unit names". defenceWeb. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Natal Carbineers among SANDF reserve force's 44 units to be renamed". News24. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d "Reserve Force mandate, challenges, achievements, outcome of Reserve Force Indaba". Defence Committee. Parliamentary Monitoring Group. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  6. ^ Carroll, Rory (27 July 2006). "Whites protest at African name changes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  7. ^ Castle, Ian (2003). Zulu War: Volunteers, Irregulars & Auxiliaries. Bloomsbury USA. p. 17. ISBN 9781841764849. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  8. ^ Rothwell, Captain J.S. (1989). Narrative of the Field Operations Connected with the Zulu War of 1879. London: Greenhill Books. pp. 156–157. ISBN 1-85367-041-3. OL 8980321M – via Quartermaster General's Department, Intelligence Branch, War Office.
  9. ^ David, Saul (2004). Zulu: The Heroism and Tragedy of the Zulu War. London: Penguin. pp. 111, 116. ISBN 978-0-670-91474-6.
  10. ^ a b Helfrich, Kim (30 April 2021). "New Reserve Force insignia still on the to-do list". DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Forsyth, David (8 April 2016). Global Force: War, Identities and Scotland's Diaspora. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 43, 155. ISBN 978-1-4744-0274-3.
  12. ^ a b c Martin, Guy (30 June 2022). "Names of three of four Cape Town Army Reserve Force units changed". DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  13. ^ Castle, Ian (2003). Zulu War - Volunteers, Irregulars & Auxiliaries. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84176-484-9.
  14. ^ Peers, Chris (2021). "4. High noon". Rorke's Drift and Isandlwana. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Greenhill Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-78438-534-7.
  15. ^ Duncan, Paul (22 August 2013). Hidden Cape Town. Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 978-1-4323-0279-5.
  16. ^ a b Deacon, Harriet (1996). The Island: A History of Robben Island, 1488-1990. New Africa Books. ISBN 978-0-86486-299-0.
  17. ^ Imperial Services Library. 1960.
  18. ^ Lemon, Anthony; Donaldson, Ronnie; Visser, Gustav (10 June 2021). South African Urban Change Three Decades After Apartheid: Homes Still Apart?. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-73073-4.
  19. ^ Hall, Richard T. (1906). Prince Alfred's Guard; Its History: With Notes Relating to the Volunteer Movement in Port Elizabeth. Printed at the "Port Elizabeth Advertiser" office.
  20. ^ Ross, Robert (4 December 2008). A Concise History of South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72026-7.
  21. ^ Theal, George McCall (2 December 2010). History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi, from the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 to the Conquest of the Cape Colony by the British in September 1795. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02334-4.
  22. ^ Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Department of Justice. 1998.
  23. ^ "Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu (1956 – 1979)". South African Government. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  24. ^ Monick, Stanley (1989). A Bugle Calls: The Story of the Witwatersrand Rifles and Its Predecessors, 1899-1987. Witwatersrand Rifles Regimental Council. ISBN 978-0-620-13984-7.
  25. ^ Derwent, Sue (2006). KwaZulu-Natal Heritage Sites: A Guide to Some Great Places. New Africa Books. ISBN 978-0-86486-653-0.
  26. ^ a b c d Tylden, G. (1982). The Armed Forces of South Africa: Facsimile Reproduction of the 1954 Edition with the Three Addenda and Corrigenda Published in Africana Note and News. Trophy Press.
  27. ^ Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. Society for Army Historical Research. 1955.
  28. ^ MacKinnon, Aran S. (15 June 2020). Nelson Mandela: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2282-2.
  29. ^ Joyce, Peter (1989). The Star: World War II, 1939-1945 : the Drama of the Times Recaptured from the Pages of a South African Daily Newspaper. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86825-145-2.
  30. ^ "Jan Smuts | South African statesman". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  31. ^ Gallagher, Niamh (4 November 2021). Ireland and the Great War: A Social and Political History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-24669-0.
  32. ^ Baker, O.E.F. "The South African Irish Regiment: An Exemplar of the Military Traditions of the Irish in South Africa". Journal of the South African Military History Society. 6 (1).
  33. ^ Gottschalk, Keith (23 July 2020). "Andrew Mlangeni 1925-2020: South Africa loses the last of the Rivonia triallists". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  34. ^ "C.F. Beyers | South African politician". Britannica. 3 December 2023.
  35. ^ "Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  36. ^ Harradine, Margaret (1997). Port Elizabeth: A Social Chronicle to the End of 1945. E.H. Walton Packaging (Pty) Limited. ISBN 978-0-620-19004-6.
  37. ^ "Piet Retief | Boer leader". Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  38. ^ a b "Nelson Mandela | Biography, Life, Education, Apartheid, Death, & Facts". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  39. ^ a b Bouch, R. J. (1977). Infanterie in Suid-Afrika, 1652-1976. Documentation Service S.A.D.F. ISBN 978-0-621-04160-6.
  40. ^ Lieberman, Evan (28 June 2022). Until We Have Won Our Liberty: South Africa After Apartheid. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20300-3.
  41. ^ Molema, Leloba Sefetogi (1989). The Image of Christianity in Sesotho Literature: Thomas Mofolo and His Contemporaries. H. Buske. ISBN 978-3-87118-929-6.
  42. ^ Mitchell, James H. (1994). Tartan on the Veld: The Transvaal Scottish, 1950 – 1993. Transvaal Scottish Regimental Council. ISBN 978-0-620-17842-6.
  43. ^ "Oliver Tambo | South African leader". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  44. ^ Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. NASOU. 1970. ISBN 978-0-625-00320-4.
  45. ^ "Mfecane | African history". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  46. ^ Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1855). Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
  47. ^ Saunders, Christopher; Limb, Peter (15 December 2020). Historical Dictionary of South Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3026-1.
  48. ^ Bouch, R. J. (1977). Infanterie in Suid-Afrika, 1652 – 1976. Documentation Service S.A.D.F. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-621-04160-6.
  49. ^ "Job Maseko: The South African WW2 hero who didn't get a Victoria Cross". BBC News. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  50. ^ Els, Paul (2000). We Fear Naught But God: The Story of the South African Special Forces, "The Recces". Covos-Day. ISBN 978-0-620-23891-5.
  51. ^ "Bagaka". SA Dictionaries. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  52. ^ a b Orpen, Neil D. (1965). Gunners of the Cape: The Story of the Cape Field Artillery. C.F.A. Regimental History Committee. p. 1.
  53. ^ England, H. (2002). A Warrior's Gateway: Durban and the Anglo-Boer War, 1899 – 1902. Protea Book House. ISBN 978-1-919825-85-4.
  54. ^ "Cetshwayo | Zulu king". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  55. ^ a b Militaria: periodical for military history. Director General Personnel. 1983.
  56. ^ van der Waag, Ian (1 October 2013). "The battle of Sandfontein, 26 September 1914: South African military reform and the German South-West Africa campaign, 1914 – 1915". First World War Studies. 4 (2): 141. doi:10.1080/19475020.2013.828633. ISSN 1947-5020. S2CID 216643718.
  57. ^ The Bulletin. The Society. 2004 https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ4rAAAAYAAJ. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[volume & issue needed][title missing]
  58. ^ Seegers, Annette (31 December 1996). Military and the Making of Modern South Africa. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85043-689-8.
  59. ^ Militaria: periodical for military history. Director General Personnel. 1976.
  60. ^ "Transvaal | historical province, South Africa". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  61. ^ "Steve Biko Artillery Regiment (Formerly known as 18 Light Regiment)" (PDF). Gunners' Association of South Africa. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  62. ^ "Steve Biko | Biography, Education, Death, & Facts". Britannica. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  63. ^ Deacon, Harriet (1996). The Island: A History of Robben Island, 1488 – 1990. New Africa Books. ISBN 978-0-86486-299-0.
  64. ^ "Galeshewe Anti-Aircraft Regiment". Gunners’ Association of South Africa. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  65. ^ "Kgosi Galeshewe (1840 – 1924)". The Presidency of South Africa. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  66. ^ "Iwombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment". Gunners' Association of South Africa. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  67. ^ Wylie, Dan (2011). Shaka. Jacana Media. ISBN 978-1-77009-962-3.
  68. ^ "Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment". Gunners' Association of South Africa. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  69. ^ a b "'Sekukuni [sic] & Family'". National Army Museum, London. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  70. ^ "Madzhakandila Anti-Aircraft Regiment". Gunners' Association of South Africa. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  71. ^ Dutton, Roy (1 May 2010). Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars including Medal Roll 1877-8-9. Infodial. ISBN 978-0-9556554-4-9.
  72. ^ Jackson, Guida M. (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-091-8.
  73. ^ a b Klein, Harry (1969). Light Horse Cavalcade: The Imperial Light Horse, 1899-1961. Timmins (Howard).
  74. ^ de Vries, J.J.P. (Winter 2021). "Deputy Minister of Defence and Military Veterans Visits Army Reserve Units in Johannesburg" (PDF). The Reserve Force Volunteer.
  75. ^ "Pretoria Regiment". South African Armour Association. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  76. ^ Masters Abstracts International. University Microfilms. 1985.
  77. ^ a b Crook, Lionel (1994). 71 Motorised Brigade: A History of Headquarters 71 Motorised Brigade and of the Citizen Force Units Under Its Command. L. Crook in conjunction with the South African Legion. ISBN 978-0-620-16524-2.
  78. ^ Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard F. (13 June 2013). Historical Dictionary of Lesotho. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7982-9.
  79. ^ "J.B.M. Hertzog | prime minister of South Africa". Britannica. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  80. ^ de Vries, Jacques. "The Chief of the Army Brings Hope to Western Cape Army Reserve Units" (PDF). Gunners Association of South Africa. Directorate Army Reserves. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  81. ^ Militaria: Periodical for Military History. &#91, volume &amp, issue needed&#93, . Director General Personnel. 1992 https://books.google.com/books?id=pHIpAQAAIAAJ. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  82. ^ Perkins, Roger (1994). Regiments: Regiments and Corps of the British Empire and Commonwealth, 1758 – 1993 : a Critical Bibliography of Their Published Histories. R. Perkins. ISBN 978-0-9506429-3-2.
  83. ^ Theal, George McCall (2 December 2010). History of South Africa Since September 1795. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02364-1.
  84. ^ Jenkins, Everett (14 February 2011). Pan-African Chronology II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia, 1865-1915. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4506-6.
  85. ^ Canwell, Diane (30 September 2004). Zulu Kings and their Armies. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-060-1.
  86. ^ Switzer, Les; Adhikari, Mohamed (2000). South Africa's Resistance Press: Alternative Voices in the Last Generation Under Apartheid. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-213-1.
  87. ^ "Polemaetus bellicosus (Martial eagle)". Biodiversity Explorer. Iziko museums of South Africa.
  88. ^ Boonzaier, Emile (1997). The Cape Herders: A History of the Khoikhoi of Southern Africa. New Africa Books. ISBN 978-0-86486-311-9.
  89. ^ Khumalo, Bongiwe (24 November 2006). "Binda had a long and distinguished military career". SowetanLIVE. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  90. ^ "Black Nationalist Guerrilla Leader Killed in Car Crash". AP News. 10 February 1994. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  91. ^ "South African court paroles killer of anti-apartheid leader Chris Hani". The Guardian. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  92. ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates Jr, Henry Louis (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  93. ^ "Obituary: Lt-Gen Andrew Mandla Lekoto MASONDO 1936 – 2008". Journal of the South African Military History Society. 14 (3). June 2008.
  94. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2008). South Africa and Its People. New Africa Press. ISBN 978-0-9814258-3-2.
  95. ^ Crew, Bob (17 December 2013). Mandela: His Life and Legacy for South Africa and the World. Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-62914-338-5.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=2019_renaming_of_South_African_National_Defence_Force_reserve_units&oldid=1216904620"