Parliamentary elections were held in Libya on 25 June 2014 for the House of Representatives.[1] Whilst all candidates ran as independents, the elections saw nationalist and liberal factions win the majority of seats, with Islamist groups being reduced to only around 30 seats.[2] Election turnout was very low at 18%.[3]
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All 200 seats up for election 101 seats needed for a majority | |||
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After the election was complete, two constitutional claims were brought before the Libyan Supreme Court (LSC). On 7 November 2014 the LSC ruled the amendment to Article 11 of paragraph 30 of the Constitutional Declaration invalid, which set out the road map for Libya's transition and the House elections. This in extension invalidated the entire legislative and elective process leading to the establishment of the House including the election. Therefore, this meant the House was effectively dissolved.[4]
Due to controversy about constitutional amendments the House refused to take office from General National Congress (GNC) in Tripoli, which was controlled by powerful militias from the western coastal city of Misrata. Instead, they established their parliament in Tobruk.
The international community through the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) announced recognition of the House and thus ignored the Supreme Court ruling. It was seen as unrealistic at the time to dissolve the House.
Background
editThe General National Congress was elected in July 2012, with the responsibility of forming a constituent assembly to write the constitution. However, the National Transitional Council decided that Libyans would instead directly elect the constituent assembly.[5] The General National Congress came to agreement on 10 April 2013 that constituent assembly members would be elected;[6] the election for most of the constituent assembly took place on 20 February 2014.[7]
On 25 May 2014, the General National Congress set 25 June 2014 as the date for elections to the House of Representatives.[8] Article 16 of the Electoral Law voted by the GNC on 30 March 2014 with 124 votes in favour out of 133, allocated 30 seats for women, and 200 seats overall, with individuals able to run as members of political parties, but without party lists, and declared Libyans with a second nationality to be eligible.[9]
Electoral system
editThe 200 seats were elected in 13 constituencies divided into 75 sub-constituencies.[10] In an attempt to reduce tensions, all candidates contested the election as individuals, instead of running on party lists.[11]
Conduct
editTurnout
editI didn't bother to register this time around, and that should tell you everything. My friends were killed in the revolution, we paid in blood for this democracy, but what was the result of the [previous] election? Candidates make big promises, but when they get the power, nothing.[12]
Turnout was a mere 18%,[11][13] down from 60% in the first post-Gaddafi election of July 2012,[14] with only 630,000 people voting.[11] Barely a third of Libya's 3.4 million eligible voters had registered for the country's Constitutional Assembly election in February.[15] "Declining enthusiasm reflects growing disgust with the authorities' failure to govern," said The Economist.[15]
No voting took place in Derna, which had been the scene of a campaign of bombings and assassinations from radical Islamist groups based there. Some polling stations were also closed in Kufra and Sabha for security reasons.[11]
Violence
editThere were several instances of violence on the day of the election, with at least five people dying in clashes between government forces and militants in Benghazi.[11] According to security officials the deaths happened when Islamist insurgents opened fire on a local security headquarters, with the violence resulting in at least another 30 people being wounded.[11]
In a separate incident Human Rights activist Salwa Bughaighis was shot dead at her Benghazi home after having returned home from voting. Her attackers were reportedly hooded and were wearing military uniforms. Bughaighis, a native of Benghazi, was a lawyer by profession and had three children. She had played an active role in the overthrow of Gaddafi and had served as a member of Libya's interim National Transitional Council.[11]
Results
editThe results were announced on 22 July 2014.[16] All 1,714 candidates stood as independents as party lists were forbidden under the electoral system. Of the 200 seats up for election, 188 were announced on 22 July, with the announcement for the other 12 being delayed due to boycott or insecurity in some electoral districts.[17] Most of the seats were taken by secular factions, with Islamists only winning around 30 seats. Some analysts[who?] immediately feared the results could reinvigorate fighting between secular and Islamist forces.[2]
On 12 August 2014, the parliament voted in favor of the Libyan head of state being directly elected, as opposed to being appointed by the House of Representatives. Of the Representatives present 141 voted in favour, with 2 opposing and 1 abstaining.[18]
After the Islamist coup of 23 August 2014, the parliament moved to the Operation Dignity stronghold of Tobruk.[19]
Key results include the following.[17]
| Constituency (* indicates women's list) | Votes | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Tobruk | Saleh al-Tayeh | 3,008 |
| 1. Tobruk | Nureddin Abdulhamid | 1,879 |
| 1. Tobruk | Salhin Saad | 1,611 |
| 1. Tobruk | Muftah al-Sharri | 1,389 |
| 2. al-Qubbah (Guba) | Agila Gwaider (Saleh Issa) | 913 |
| 2. al-Qubbah | Talal al-Maihub | 623 |
| 2. *al-Qubbah | Muna al-Ghaithi | 2,559 |
| 8. Benghazi | Younis Fanoush | 4,838 |
| 8. Benghazi | Ibrahim Ameish | 4,599 |
| 8. Benghazi | Ali Abuzakuk | 3,932 |
| 8. Benghazi | Tariq al-Jarush | 2,863 |
| 8. Benghazi | Abubakr Bahira | 2,853 |
| 8. Benghazi | Adel al-Tira | 2,080 |
| 8. Benghazi | Ziyad Daghim | 2,007 |
| 8. Benghazi | Muftah Akuidir | 1,792 |
| 8. Benghazi | Ahmed al-Wahdi | 1,512 |
| 8. Benghazi | Aisa al-Arabi | 1,417 |
| 8. Benghazi | Jalal al-Shweidi | 1,307 |
| 8. Benghazi | Ramadan Shambesh | 1,220 |
| 8. Benghazi | Essam al-Jihani | 1,073 |
| 8. Benghazi | Ibrahim al-Dresi | 1,072 |
| 8. Benghazi | Saad al-Jazwi | 1,057 |
| 8. Benghazi | Badr Musa | 977 |
| 8. *Benghazi | Amal Bayou | 14,086 |
| 8. *Benghazi | Aisha al-Tablaghi | 8,003 |
| 8. *Benghazi | Seham Sergiwa | 5,883 |
| 8. *Benghazi | Asmahan Belaoun | 5,452 |
| 20 Sirte | Zaid Abubakr | 1,093 |
| 20 Sirte | Hassan Zarga | 875 |
| 20 Sirte | Abubakr Mohammed | 723 |
| 20 *Sirte | Azziza Busetta | 2,300 |
| 22. Sabha | Ibrahim Ali | 1,319 |
| 22. Sabha | Misbah Awhida | 1,189 |
| 22. Sabha | Ahmed Arhuma | 912 |
| 22. Sabha | Mohamed Arifa | 898 |
| 22. Sabha | Mohamed Ajdeed | 782 |
| 22. Sabha | Mohamed al-Hadiri | 713 |
| 22. Sabha | Yousef Saidi | 713 |
| 22. *Sabha | Fatima Abu Saada | 2,642 |
| 22. *Sabha | Ahlam Khalifa | 2,326 |
| 40. Zintan | Abdussalam Nassiyah | 486 |
| 40. Zintan | Omar Abu Kadr | 374 |
| 47. Misrata | Suleiman al-Fagieh | 11,166 |
| 47. Misrata | Fathi Bashagha | 6,589 |
| 47. Misrata | Mohamed Raied | 2,690 |
| 47. Misrata | Abdurrahman Sewehli | 2,129 |
| 47. Misrata | Mohamed Durrat | 2,085 |
| 47. Misrata | Mohamed Hneish | 1,753 |
| 47. Misrata | Kamal al-Jamel | 1,646 |
| 47. *Misrata | Hanan Shalouf | 15,882 |
| 49. Zliten | Mohamed Ben Khalil | 1,277 |
| 49. Zliten | Abdulghani Alftaisi | 1,160 |
| 49. Zliten | Ezzedden Gwereb | 1,105 |
| 49. Zliten | Aamar al-Ablag | 1,047 |
| 49. *Zliten | Naima Dalef | 4,420 |
| 56. Tajura | al-Sadiq al-Kahaili | 1,596 |
| 56. Tajura | Abulkair Bilkhair | 1,351 |
| 56. Tajura | Khaled al-Usta | 1,172 |
| 58. Tripoli Central | Hamuda Siyala | 6,023 |
| 58. Tripoli Central | Ali al-Tikbali | 4,777 |
| 58. *Tripoli Central | Fawzia Abu Ghalia | 7,330 |
| 59. Hay al-Andalus | Fayez al-Sarraj | 3,771 |
| 59. Hay al-Andalus | Ali Sbai | 2,757 |
| 59. Hay al-Andalus | Musab Abulgasim | 2,566 |
| 59. *Hay al-Andalus | Hana Abudeeb | 3,503 |
| 59. *Hay al-Andalus | Rabia Aburas | 2,775 |
| 69. Zawiya | Mohamed al-Hanish | 2,271 |
| 69. Zawiya | Ali Abu Zariba | 2,169 |
| 69. Zawiya | Amar Shaibaru | 1,880 |
| 69. Zawiya | Imhemed Shaib | 1,350 |
| 69. Zawiya | Salim Ganidi | 1,286 |
| 69. Zawiya | Abdulnabi Abdulmuali | 922 |
| 69. Zawiya | Abdallah Alafi | 893 |
| 69. *Zawiya | Aisha Shalabi | 6,533 |
Aftermath
editIn November, the Supreme Court annulled the election after an appeal by a group of unnamed MPs on unclear grounds. However, the appealing MPs asserted unconstitutionality as the parliament does not sit in Tripoli or Benghazi and that it had overstepped its authority by calling for foreign military assistance against the national infighting with the militias.[20] Though it cannot be appealed, the Tobruk-based parliament rejected the ruling on the claim that it was delivered "under the threat of arms."[21] MP Abu Bakr Baira added that the ruling was "baseless" and "a step towards dividing the country," he further said that the Tobruk-based parliament would not comply with it.[21] It was met with celebratory gunfire in Tripoli, the seat of the rival and competing Islamist-dominated government.
In further developments, former leader Gaddafi's cousin, Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam, said that once the "government's" forces regain control of major cities many of the exiled supporters of Gaddafi, who were in talks with parliament, would return to get "Libya back from this mess" and support a national reconciliation programme.[20]
References
edit- ^ "Date for new parliamentary elections 25 June". Libya Herald. 30 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Libya publishes parliamentary election results". Xinhua. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil". www.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ Maghur, Azza K. "A Legal Look into the Libyan Supreme Court Ruling". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
- ^ "NTC takes responsibility for constitution from National Conference". Libya Herald. 5 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "The Constitutional Commission will be elected and the political isolation law is constitutional, rules Congress". Libya Herald. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Election re-runs next Wednesday says Elabbar". Libya Herald. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "The Thirty-Fifth Report - May 15 - May 30, 2014". Eye on the General National Congress. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Congress votes to replace itself with new House of Representatives". Libya Herald. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ "LIBYA Majlis Al-Nuwaab (House of Representatives". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jawad, Rana (26 June 2014). "Libyan elections: Low turnout marks bid to end political crisis". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "Disillusionment mars Libya's national poll". The Guardian. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil". Al Jazeera English. 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (7 July 2012). "Braving Areas of Violence, Voters Try to Reshape Libya". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Libya's turmoil: Little to celebrate". The Economist. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "ELECTIONS 2014: Final results for House of Representative elections announced". Libya Herald. 21 July 2014. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
- ^ a b Paton, Callum; Seraj, Essul (22 July 2014). "ELECTIONS 2014: Final results for House of Representative elections announced". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ Zaptia, Sami (12 August 2014). "Breaking news: HoR votes for direct popular election of Libya's president". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ Ibrahim, Noora (13 August 2014). "Ansar increases presence at Benina check-point as criticism of Saiqa mounts". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Libya court 'invalidates' parliament". 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018 – via BBC.
- ^ a b Stout, David (7 November 2014). "Libyan Parliament 'Unconstitutional'". Time. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.